英語(yǔ)優(yōu)秀短文篇一：ENGLISH對(duì)話理解和優(yōu)秀短文

1. Read the following passage.

Friends play different roles at different time in our lives. We all remember how important it was to have other children to play with when we were young. During the adolescent years, so filled with physical and emotional change, we have more time, more energy, and perhaps a greater need for friendship than we ever will again, as adults, busy with our own lives, we depend less on our friends for support. However, friends still play a critical role for most of us, sharing our happy moments and helping us through difficult times.

There is a popular rhyme:” Make new friends, but keep the old; one is silver and the other gold.” Most of us try to make new friends wherever we go—to a university, to a different job, to a new city—and we usually try to “keep the old” as well. However, maintaining friendship over time and distance is not easy. Americans tend to move around a great deal, and old friendship often suffer as a result.

2. Answer the following questions according to the information in the passage.

? What different roles does friendship serve to fulfill in childhood, adolescence, and

adulthood?

? Why is friendship especially important during adolescence?

? Explain the meaning of the rhyme “make new friends, but keep the old; one is silver and

the other gold.”

3. Discuss your own experiences with a partner.

? The passage says that Americans often lose touch with old friends. Is this also a problem

in your culture, or for you as an individual?

? Do you have any sayings in your language about the importance of friendship? If so ,

share them with your class and teacher.

4. presentation(in the form of pair work or group work)

1) Prepare a short oral presentation (four to six minutes) about one of your best friends. Think about when and how you met your friend, why you became friends, and how you maintain your friendship. Write notes and practice speaking from them. Do not memorize your presentation. If possible, get a photo of your friend to show to the class.

2) Make the presentation to your class. Try to make your classmates understand why this friend is special to you.

useful phrases about friend and friendship:

thick-and thin friend 同甘共苦的朋友

faithful friend 忠實(shí)的朋友

bosom friend 知心朋友

intimate friend 密友

inseparable friend 形影不離的朋友

buddy 朋友

friend of a friend 朋友的朋友

strike up an acquaintance with/ a friendship 與某人結(jié)識(shí)、開(kāi)始建立友誼

easy to get along with 與某人容易相處

get on good terms with 與某人友好相處

cordial friendship 熱誠(chéng)的友誼

ardent friendship 熱情的友誼

fast friendship 牢不可破的友誼

lasting friendship 持久的友誼

undying friendship 永恒的友誼

drift out of touch with 與某人失去聯(lián)系

be on /keep friendly/ good terms / relations with 保持友好關(guān)系

break off all the relations with 斷絕所有關(guān)系

seek common ground while reserving difference 求同存異

Types of Speech

Standard usage includes those words and expressions understood, used, and accepted by a majority of the speakers of a language in any situation regardless of the level of formality. As such, these words and expressions are well defined and listed in standard dictionaries. Colloquialisms, on the other hand, are familiar words and idioms that are understood by almost all speakers of a language and used in informal speech or writing, but not considered appropriate for more formal situations. Almost all idiomatic expressions are colloquial language. Slang, however, refers to words and expressions understood by a large number of speakers but not accepted as good, formal usage by the majority. Colloquial expressions and even slang may be found in standard dictionaries but will be so identified. Both colloquial usage and slang are more common in speech than in writing.

Colloquial speech often passes into standard speech. Some slang also passes into standard speech, but other slang expressions enjoy momentary popularity followed by obscurity. In some cases, the majority never accepts certain slang phrases but nevertheless retains them in their collective memories. Every generation seems to require its own set of words to describe familiar objects and events. It has been pointed out by a number of linguists that three cultural conditions are necessary for the creation of a large body of slang expressions. First, the introduction and acceptance of new objects and situations in the society; second, a diverse population with a large number of subgroups; third, association among the subgroups and the majority population.

Finally, it is worth noting that the terms "standard" "colloquial" and "slang" exist only as abstract labels for scholars who study language. Only a tiny number of the speakers of any language will be aware that they are using colloquial or slang expressions. Most speakers of English will, during appropriate situations, select and use all three types of expressions.

The Definition of “Price”

Prices determine how resources are to be used. They are also the means by which products and services that are in limited supply are rationed among buyers. The price system of the United States is a complex network composed of the prices of all the products bought and sold in the economy as well as those of a myriad of services, including labor, professional, transportation, and public-utility services. The interrelationships of all these prices make up the “system” of prices. The price of any particular product or service is linked to a broad, complicated system of prices in which everything seems to depend more or less upon everything else.

If one were to ask a group of randomly selected individuals to define “price”, many would reply that price is an amount of money paid by the buyer to the seller of a product or service or, in other words that price is the money values of a product or service as agreed upon in a market transaction. This definition is, of course, valid as far as it goes. For a complete understanding of a price in any particular transaction, much more than the amount of money involved must be known. Both the buyer and the seller should be familiar with not only the money amount, but with the amount and quality of the product or service to be exchanged, the time and place at which the exchange will take place and payment will be made, the form of money to be used, the credit terms and discounts that apply to the transaction, guarantees on the product or service, delivery terms, return privileges, and other factors. In other words, both buyer and seller should be fully aware of all the factors that comprise the total “package” being exchanged for the asked-for amount of money in order that they may evaluate a given price.

Schooling and Education

It is commonly believed in United States that school is where people go to get an education. Nevertheless, it has been said that today children interrupt their education to go to school. The distinction between schooling and education implied by this remark is important.

Education is much more open-ended and all-inclusive than schooling. Education knows no bounds. It can take place anywhere, whether in the shower or in the job, whether in a kitchen or on a tractor. It includes both the formal learning that takes place in schools and the whole universe of informal learning. The agents of education can range from a revered grandparent to the people debating politics on the radio, from a child to a distinguished scientist. Whereas schooling has a certain predictability, education quite often produces surprises. A chance conversation with a stranger may lead a person to discover how little is known of other religions. People are engaged in education from infancy on. Education, then, is a very broad, inclusive term. It is a lifelong process, a process that starts long before the start of school, and one that should be an integral part of one’s entire life.

Schooling, on the other hand, is a specific, formalized process, whose general pattern varies little from one setting to the next. Throughout a country, children arrive at school at approximately the same time, take assigned seats, are taught by an adult, use similar textbooks, do homework, take exams, and so on. The slices of reality that are to be learned, whether they are the alphabet or an understanding of the working of government, have usually been limited by the boundaries of the subject being taught. For example, high school students know that there not likely to find out in their classes the truth about political problems in their communities or what the newest filmmakers are experimenting with. There are definite conditions surrounding the formalized process of schooling.

Skyscrapers and Environment

In the late 1960's, many people in North America turned their attention to environmental problems, and new steel-and-glass skyscrapers were widely criticized. Ecologists pointed out that a cluster of tall buildings in a city often overburdens public transportation and parking lot capacities.

Skyscrapers are also lavish consumers, and wasters, of electric power. In one recent year, the addition of 17 million square feet of skyscraper office space in New York City raised the peak daily demand for electricity by 120, 000 kilowatts-enough to supply the entire city of Albany, New York, for a day.

Glass-walled skyscrapers can be especially wasteful. The heat loss (or gain)through a wall of half-inch plate glass is more than ten times that through a typical masoy wall filled with insulation board. To lessen the strain on heating and air-conditioning equipment, builders of skyscrapers have begun to use double-glazed panels of glass, and reflective glasses coated with silver or gold mirror films that reduce glare as well as heat gain. However, mirror-walled skyscrapers raise the temperature of the surrounding air and affect neighboring buildings.

Skyscrapers put a severe strain on a city's sanitation facilities, too. If fully occupied, the two World Trade Center towers in New York City would alone generate 2.25 million gallons of raw sewage each year-as much as a city the size of Stanford, Connecticut , which has a population of more than 109, 000.

The Origin of Sports

When did sport begin? If sport is much older than humankind, as we all have observed, the beasts play. Dogs and cats wrestle and play ball games. Fishes and birds dance. The apes have simple, pleasurable games. Frolicking infants, school children playing tag, and adult arm wrestlers are demonstrating strong, transgenerational and

transspecies bonds with the universe of animals – past, present, and future. Young animals, particularly, tumble, chase, run wrestle, mock, imitate, and laugh (or so it seems) to the point of delighted exhaustion. Their play, and ours, appears to serve no other purpose than to give pleasure to the players, and apparently, to remove us temporarily from the anguish of life in earnest.

Some philosophers have claimed that our playfulness is the most noble part of our basic nature. In their generous conceptions, play harmlessly and experimentally permits us to put our creative forces, fantasy, and imagination into action. Play is release from the tedious battles against scarcity and decline which are the incessant, and inevitable, tragedies of life. This is a grand conception that excites and provokes. The holders of this view claim that the origins of our highest accomplishments ---- liturgy, literature, and law ---- can be traced to a play impulse which, paradoxically, we see most purely enjoyed by young beasts and children. Our sports, in this rather happy, nonfatalistic view of human nature, are more splendid creations of the nondatable, transspecies play impulse.

英語(yǔ)優(yōu)秀短文篇二：英語(yǔ)優(yōu)秀作文的幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)

英語(yǔ)優(yōu)秀作文的幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)

學(xué)生寫(xiě)作時(shí)，如果僅局限在把內(nèi)容交代清楚的水準(zhǔn)上，只選用一些普通的、直截了當(dāng)?shù)脑~，或一律使用簡(jiǎn)單句平鋪直敘，那么，這樣寫(xiě)出來(lái)的文章就會(huì)像一碗白開(kāi)水，呆板、單調(diào)，沒(méi)有可讀性。句式單一、缺乏生氣的文章,哪怕沒(méi)有任何錯(cuò)誤也不可能得高分。要使文章耐人尋味，有亮點(diǎn)，有深度，有文采，給讀者留下深刻印象必須注意語(yǔ)言的多樣性、連貫性和得體性,。具體說(shuō)來(lái)，優(yōu)秀英語(yǔ)作文往往有以下幾個(gè)特點(diǎn)。

1、長(zhǎng)句和短句交叉使用。在英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作中，過(guò)多地使用長(zhǎng)句或過(guò)多地使用短句都不好。正確的做法是，根據(jù)實(shí)際情況在文章中交替使用長(zhǎng)句與短句，使文章顯得錯(cuò)落有致，這樣不僅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章讀起來(lái)鏗鏘有力。如果整篇文章都是短句，顯得文章簡(jiǎn)單呆板沒(méi)有深度；而文章長(zhǎng)句太多會(huì)顯得冗長(zhǎng)乏味，艱深難解。只有長(zhǎng)句和短句交叉搭配才使文章快慢結(jié)合，誦讀起來(lái)，音韻鏗鏘，瑯瑯上口，給人以一種美的享受。

例如：中午我們曬著太陽(yáng)吃野餐。休息一會(huì)兒后，我們唱歌的唱歌，跳舞的跳舞，還有講故事、下棋，大家玩得很開(kāi)心。

【一般句式】 At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.

【優(yōu)秀句式】 At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling stories and playing chess。

工作還得一張一馳呢，老讓讀者讀長(zhǎng)句，累死人！寫(xiě)一個(gè)短小精辟的句子，卻可以起到畫(huà)龍點(diǎn)睛的作用。而且如果我們把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主題。例如：

As a creature，I eat；as a man，I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind，they are in a way quite similar。 如此可見(jiàn)，長(zhǎng)短句結(jié)合，抑揚(yáng)頓挫，豈不爽哉？牢記！

2、避免同一詞語(yǔ)的重復(fù)使用。為了使表達(dá)更生動(dòng)，更富表現(xiàn)力，寫(xiě)作時(shí)應(yīng)盡量避免重復(fù)使用同一詞語(yǔ)來(lái)表示同一意思，尤其是一些老生常談的詞語(yǔ)。在作文中頻繁使用同一詞會(huì)顯得重復(fù)累贅，不能引起讀者的興趣。如果換用一些表達(dá)同一意思的新詞會(huì)使文章更加生動(dòng)，更富有表現(xiàn)力。如要表達(dá)like的意思，還有l(wèi)ove=enjoy=prefer=be fond of=be care for=appreciate等同義詞使用。貧窮的：poor = needy = impoverished = poverty-stricken。富裕的：rich = wealthy = affluent = well-to-do = well-off。流行的：popular = prevailing = prevalent = pervasive。.優(yōu)秀的：excellent = eminent = top = outstanding。大量的： a host of = a multitude of = a vast number of = a vast amount of。

例如：我喜歡讀書(shū)，而我的弟弟喜歡看電視。

【一般句式】 I like reading while my brother likes watching television.。

【優(yōu)秀句式】 I enjoy reading while my brother prefers watching television。

3、短語(yǔ)優(yōu)先原則，適當(dāng)使用短語(yǔ)代替單詞。一篇優(yōu)秀作文里往往含有大量的短語(yǔ)和習(xí)慣用法。用短語(yǔ)代替單詞會(huì)使文章更加地道生動(dòng)，體現(xiàn)作者的寫(xiě)作水平。例如，love=fall in love with。fill=be filled with = be awash with = be inundate with = be saturated with。decide= make up one's mind。

【一般句式】He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.。

【優(yōu)秀句式】He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up。

【一般句式】He doesn't like music.

【優(yōu)秀句式】He doesn't care much for music.

【一般句式】He told me that the question was now being discussed.

【優(yōu)秀句式】He told me that the question was now under discussion.

寫(xiě)作時(shí)，尤其是在考試時(shí)，如果使用短語(yǔ)，有兩個(gè)好處：其一、用短語(yǔ)會(huì)使文章增加亮

點(diǎn)，如果老師們看到你的文章太簡(jiǎn)單，看不到幾個(gè)短語(yǔ)，必然會(huì)低看你一等。相反，如果發(fā)現(xiàn)有精彩的短語(yǔ)，那么你的文章就容易得高分了。其二、關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻思維短路，只有湊字?jǐn)?shù)，怎么辦？用短語(yǔ)是一個(gè)辦法！比如：I cannot bear it.，可以用短語(yǔ)表達(dá)：I cannot put up with it.。I want it.，可以用短語(yǔ)表達(dá)：I am looking forward to it.。這樣字?jǐn)?shù)明顯增加，表達(dá)也更準(zhǔn)確。

4、恰當(dāng)使用某些固定表達(dá)方式和習(xí)慣用法。

【一般句式】 The film was very interesting.，Both the teachers and the students liked it.

【優(yōu)秀句式】 The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.

【一般句式】He was very tired，He couldnot walk any farther.

【優(yōu)秀句式】He was too tired to walk any farther.

【一般句式】Your son is old. He can look after himself now.

【優(yōu)秀句式】Your son is old enough to look after himself now.

5、合理使用省略句。有些句子前后部分意思重復(fù)，如果恰當(dāng)使用省略句會(huì)使句子精煉簡(jiǎn)潔，更加生動(dòng)，更具文采。如：

(1) 他可能很忙，要是這樣，我以后再來(lái)拜訪。要是不忙，我現(xiàn)在可以見(jiàn)他嗎?

【一般句式】 He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?

【優(yōu)秀句式】He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?

(2) 如果天氣好，我們就去；如果天氣不好，我們就不去了。

【一般句式】 If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If it is not fine, we’ll not go.

【優(yōu)秀句式】If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not.

(3) 她本可申請(qǐng)這份工作的，但她沒(méi)有。

【一般句式】 She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.

【優(yōu)秀句式】She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t .

6、適當(dāng)運(yùn)用非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。現(xiàn)在分詞、過(guò)去分詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式統(tǒng)稱為非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)。非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)通常被認(rèn)為是一種高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)，適當(dāng)運(yùn)用非謂語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)，會(huì)給人一種熟練駕馭語(yǔ)言的印象。如：

【一般句式】When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.

【優(yōu)秀句式】 Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.

【一般句式】As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

【優(yōu)秀句式】Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

【一般句式】As he was born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

【優(yōu)秀句式】Born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling. 7、恰當(dāng)使用關(guān)聯(lián)詞（過(guò)渡詞或銜接詞），使行文自然流暢。流暢性是指根據(jù)整篇文章意思的需要，有效采用不同的連接手段，以使文章層次清晰，行文連貫。關(guān)聯(lián)詞就是常用的連接手段之一。英語(yǔ)作文中的關(guān)聯(lián)詞使用，可以使得句子與句子之間更加流暢，避免了各個(gè)句子的分割獨(dú)立，使得文章順理成章，一氣呵成。恰當(dāng)使用這些關(guān)聯(lián)詞無(wú)疑能使全文過(guò)渡自然，令讀者對(duì)后面的句子產(chǎn)生心理的期待和準(zhǔn)備，增強(qiáng)句子間的邏輯性和緊湊性。

下面列舉一些常用的關(guān)聯(lián)詞：

(1) 表示平行、對(duì)等或選擇關(guān)系：and，both?and，as well as，neither?nor，also，not only.?but also等。

(2) 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系：but，yet，however，nevertheless，in spite of，although，otherwise，while等。

(3) 表示對(duì)比關(guān)系：on the contrary，instead of，on the other hand，just like，unlike等。

(4) 表示因果關(guān)系：so，for，therefore，as a result，because，owing to，due to，thanks to，on account of等。

(5) 表示時(shí)間、順序關(guān)系：shortly after， first, second?，then，next，finally，for one thing，for another thing，in the end，eventually等。

(6) 表示遞進(jìn)、強(qiáng)調(diào)關(guān)系：besides，furthermore，what’s more，in addition，moreover，worse still，above all，to make matters worse等。

(7) 表示解釋、說(shuō)明關(guān)系：namely，actually，such as，for example，for instance，that is to say，in other words，and so on，to tell you the truth，according to this等。

(8) 表示結(jié)論：in short，in brief，in a word，in general，as you know，as far as I know，on the whole等。

例如，對(duì)于這樣一段話“Usually if you read the weather forecast in the newspaper, it will help you to predict how the day will turn out. But it’s not so in Britain.�！� 如果運(yùn)用連接詞contrary to并且變換一下句式，將其變?yōu)镃ontrary to popular belief, reading the weather forecast carefully in the newspaper will not help you to predict how the day will turn out則顯得更簡(jiǎn)潔、更緊湊�？梢�(jiàn)恰當(dāng)運(yùn)用連接詞和變換句式可以收到以少量詞表達(dá)出豐富意思的效果。 8、綜合應(yīng)用多種句式或句型表達(dá)。 在整篇文章中,千萬(wàn)不要只使用一兩個(gè)句式或句型,否則會(huì)被老師認(rèn)為你的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力太差。要靈活運(yùn)用諸如強(qiáng)調(diào)句、復(fù)合句（包括各種從句）、分詞短語(yǔ)、倒裝句、省略句、虛擬語(yǔ)氣等。文章盡量使用多種句式表達(dá)作者意圖，可以體現(xiàn)作者嫻熟的語(yǔ)言應(yīng)用能力和文章豐富的表現(xiàn)力。例如:

(1)強(qiáng)調(diào)句

【一般句式】The dog has saved my little sister bravely.

【優(yōu)秀句式】It is the dog that has saved my little sister bravely.

(2)主從復(fù)合句

【一般句式】We had to stand there to catch the offender.

【優(yōu)秀句式】What we had to do was to stand there, trying to catch the offender.

(3)分詞短語(yǔ)、由with或without引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ)

【一般句式】The driver escaped and didn’t stop, he left the old man lying on the road.

【優(yōu)秀句式】The driver escaped without stopping, leaving the old man lying on the road.

(4)倒裝句

【一般句式】I went to bed at 11:30.

【優(yōu)秀句式】Not until 11:30 did I go to bed.

(5)省略句

【一般句式】While you are crossing the street, you should be careful.

【優(yōu)秀句式】While crossing the street, you should be careful.

9、改變句子的開(kāi)頭方式。不要一味地每個(gè)句子都是主語(yǔ)+謂語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ),最后再加一個(gè)狀語(yǔ)�？梢园褷钫Z(yǔ)置于句首,或用分詞作狀語(yǔ)等。這樣既有某些部分的強(qiáng)調(diào)作用又能使文章呈現(xiàn)出靈活多變的句式從而使文章具有豐富的表現(xiàn)力。試比較:

【一般句式】My brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle the other day.

【優(yōu)秀句式】The other day my brother and I went to the cinema by bicycle.

【一般句式】The young man couldn’t help crying when he heard the bad news.

【優(yōu)秀句式】 Hearing the bad news, the young man couldn’t help crying.

【一般句式】 There stands an old temple at the top of the hill.

【優(yōu)秀句式】 At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.

10、通過(guò)分句和合句,增強(qiáng)句子的連貫性和表現(xiàn)力。例如:

【一般句式】He stopped us an hour ago. He made us catch the next offender.

【優(yōu)秀句式】He stopped us half an hour ago and made us catch the next offender.

【一般句式】We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced.

【優(yōu)秀句式】After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing.

11、多實(shí)少虛原則。原因很簡(jiǎn)單，寫(xiě)文章還是應(yīng)該寫(xiě)一些實(shí)際的東西，不要空話連篇。這就要求一定要多用實(shí)詞，少用虛詞。我這里所說(shuō)的虛詞就是指那些比較大的詞。比如我們說(shuō)很好的時(shí)候，不應(yīng)該只說(shuō)nice這樣空洞的詞，應(yīng)該使用一些諸如generous，humorous，interesting，smart，gentle，warm-hearted，hospital 之類的形象詞。再比如：走出房間，一般性的詞是：walk out of the room。但是小偷走出房間應(yīng)該說(shuō)：slip out of the room。小姐走出房間應(yīng)該說(shuō)：sail out of the room。小孩走出房間應(yīng)該說(shuō)：dance out of the room。 老人走出房間應(yīng)該說(shuō)：stagger out of the room。所以多用實(shí)詞，少用虛詞，文章將會(huì)大放異彩。

12、主題句原則。國(guó)有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主題。否則會(huì)給人造成“群龍無(wú)首”之感。一些文章，故意把主題隱藏在文章之內(nèi)，結(jié)果造成讀者稀里糊涂，不知所云！所以一般要寫(xiě)一個(gè)主題句，放在文章的開(kāi)頭或者結(jié)尾，告訴讀者你這篇文章主要想表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)或中心思想。當(dāng)然每一個(gè)段落也應(yīng)有自己的主題句，放在段落前、中、后某一位置。讓讀者一目了然，知道這一段落或這篇文章你主要想表達(dá)什么主題。例如：

to begin with，you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam（主題句）。 without sufficient preparation，you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

另外，盡自己最大的可能使得第一自然段引人入勝，做到“語(yǔ)不驚人誓不休”。要想做到這一點(diǎn)，就要求學(xué)生要大量地閱讀課外書(shū)籍，做到知識(shí)面寬泛，觀點(diǎn)靈活，寫(xiě)技高超。

13、條理有序原則。領(lǐng)導(dǎo)講話總是第一部分、第一點(diǎn)、第二點(diǎn)、第三點(diǎn)、第二部分、第一點(diǎn)? 層次清晰，條理清楚�？脊賯兛次恼乱脖厝灰�通過(guò)這些關(guān)鍵性的“標(biāo)簽”來(lái)判定你的文章是否結(jié)構(gòu)清楚，條理自然。破解方法很簡(jiǎn)單，只要把下面任何一組的詞匯加入到你的幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)前就清楚了。

1）first，second，third，last（不推薦，原因：太俗）

2）firstly，secondly，thirdly，finally（不推薦，原因：太俗）

3）the first，the second，the third，the last（不推薦，原因：太俗）

4）in the first place，in the second place，in the third place，lastly（不推薦，原因：太俗）

5）to begin with，then，furthermore，finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦）

6）to start with，next，in addition，finally（強(qiáng)烈推薦）

7）first and foremost，besides，last but not least（強(qiáng)烈推薦）

8）most important of all，moreover，finally

9）on the one hand，on the other hand（適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況）

10）for one thing，for another thing（適用于兩點(diǎn)的情況）

條理性是指要合理布局文章結(jié)構(gòu)。首先，在文章思路、組織材料、敘述順序等方面要有一定的條理性。例如：題目要求寫(xiě)一篇記述文，我們可以按照事情發(fā)展的先后順序來(lái)寫(xiě)；若介紹某一場(chǎng)所，可按照空間順序來(lái)安排行文順序；若是一篇議論文，就應(yīng)該按照所議論觀點(diǎn)的順序來(lái)安排結(jié)構(gòu)。全文結(jié)構(gòu)應(yīng)注意首尾呼應(yīng)，前后相聯(lián)。其次，根據(jù)需要安排好段落，各段之間要層次分明，每一段落的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾也要重視，開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)往往是總起句，結(jié)尾往往是總結(jié)句。請(qǐng)看下面這篇高考英語(yǔ)書(shū)面表達(dá)范文：I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside. Although the city is modern and convenient, there are still some problems, such as air pollution, crowdedness and noise. In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life. There, the air is fresh and the water is clean. Trees are green and birds are singing. I can also go boating, fishing and swimming in the lake. What’s more, I can climb

the hills. All this will be interesting and good for my health. Above all, I can learn more about nature. So I want to go to the countryside for a change. I’m looking forward to the coming of my summer holiday.

開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside是總起句。結(jié)尾So I want to go to the countryside for a change. I’m looking forward to the coming of my summer holiday是總結(jié)句。

14、時(shí)態(tài)一致、語(yǔ)法正確。毋庸置疑，時(shí)態(tài)是英語(yǔ)基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)的重要范疇之一，也是區(qū)別于漢語(yǔ)的重要特點(diǎn)之一。而英語(yǔ)作文又是對(duì)學(xué)生綜合能力的考核。因而，在作文中，必須加入時(shí)態(tài)的準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用，才能使自己的觀點(diǎn)和所敘述的情節(jié)更加精準(zhǔn)。因?yàn)橹形闹袥](méi)有時(shí)態(tài)的概念，中國(guó)學(xué)生極易在英語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)方面出現(xiàn)失誤或忽略時(shí)態(tài)的運(yùn)用，表現(xiàn)出時(shí)態(tài)前后不一致或使用錯(cuò)誤，這將使所寫(xiě)的英語(yǔ)作文大打折扣。另外，英語(yǔ)里面有很多語(yǔ)法規(guī)則，如果你寫(xiě)的句子有語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤，必然就會(huì)影響得分。例如，None can negative the importance of money.剖析：negative 系形容詞，誤作動(dòng)詞。應(yīng)改為： None can deny the importance of money。The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.(農(nóng)業(yè)方面化學(xué)物質(zhì)使用的不斷增加也造成了污染。) 剖析：顯然，考生把obstacles“障礙”，“障礙物”誤作substance“物質(zhì)”了。另外“the increasing use (不斷增加的使用)” 應(yīng)改為“abusive use (濫用)”。改為：The abusive use of chemical substances in agriculture also causes/leads to pollution.

15表達(dá)準(zhǔn)確地道，努力遵從英語(yǔ)思維，盡量使句子帶點(diǎn)“洋味”。準(zhǔn)確性是要求寫(xiě)出語(yǔ)法正確的句子，包括時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、用詞和句法等，但是不少同學(xué)由于受漢語(yǔ)思維習(xí)慣的影響，在寫(xiě)作時(shí)不自覺(jué)地產(chǎn)生了不規(guī)范的表達(dá)。要做到準(zhǔn)確、地道地表達(dá)文章，首先必須要牢記掌握一些常用句型或習(xí)慣表達(dá)，避免中文式英語(yǔ)，在實(shí)踐中不斷總結(jié)中英表達(dá)差異，養(yǎng)成用英語(yǔ)思維寫(xiě)作的習(xí)慣。例如：

我等待著你的到來(lái)。

【一般句式】I’m waiting for you to come.

【優(yōu)秀句式】I’m looking forward to your arrival.

現(xiàn)在我詳細(xì)地給你介紹屋子的情況。

【一般句式】Now I am going to introduce the room to you carefully.

【優(yōu)秀句式】Now I am going to give you a detailed description of the room.

別擔(dān)心，大膽試一試，你很快就會(huì)學(xué)會(huì)的。

【一般句式】Don't worry. Be bold and try it, and you'll learn it soon.

【優(yōu)秀句式】Don't worry. Just go for it, and you'll get it soon.

謝謝你陪我玩。

【一般句式】Thank you for playing with us.

【優(yōu)秀句式】Thank you for sharing the time with us.

正確牢記這些習(xí)慣用法，無(wú)疑可以增添句子表達(dá)的準(zhǔn)確性，減少不必要的錯(cuò)誤，從而提高書(shū)面表達(dá)的檔次。

16、大膽使用高級(jí)詞匯和高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)。在英語(yǔ)作文中，高級(jí)詞匯、詞組和高級(jí)結(jié)構(gòu)和句型的運(yùn)用可幫助呈現(xiàn)寫(xiě)作者的英語(yǔ)水平。這就要求學(xué)生要在基礎(chǔ)知識(shí)方面進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的學(xué)習(xí)。例如，使用prefer doing就比使用enjoy doing水平高，而使用enjoy doing又比使用like doing水平高。 由此可以看出，不同類型和不同水平的詞組句型可表現(xiàn)出寫(xiě)作者不同的觀點(diǎn)及英語(yǔ)水平。例如：

她的黑眼睛很迷人。

【一般句式】Her dark eyes are very beautiful.

英語(yǔ)優(yōu)秀短文篇三：優(yōu)秀英語(yǔ)作文

The picture shows us a touching moment when a little girl comes to greet her working mother. Realizing her mother must be very tired after a day’s work, the girl helps to remove the bag from her shoulder. In response, the mother kneels down to show how happy and thankful she feels.All this reminds me of my mother who has been doing whatever she could to let me have the best. But, totally engaged in my own study, I seldom pay attention to what Mother needs and feels, and always think studying well is the only thing I could do in return. Now I know I can do my bit to help with the everyday washing, bedroom cleaning, or at least prepare breakfast myself, so as to share Mother’s daily burden. The picture convinces me it is even more important to be a good daughter than a “good” student.

2

Attitude is altitude

Nick is a 25-year-old Australian man, whose life is full of hardships. He was born without limbs. He used to be made fun of for looking like a monster. Everything seemed impossible to him. However, Nick never gave up. After many failures,he finally learned to swim, fish and even surf. What surprised us is that he completed university education and got two degrees. And now he is the CEO of two companies.

When asked about the secret of his success, Nick’s answer is: Attitude is altitude. In his eyes, nothing is impossible if he is determined to overcome any difficulties. He thinks a positive attitude is the key to success.

After reading Nick’s story, I have been feeling inspired by his spirit. Compared with him, we are healthy enough to enjoy life. Somehow, we are always frustrated facing difficulties. I think Nick has set a good example for us. Try to appreciate what we do have and be more persevering and you will achieve success in the end.

3

What is happiness? Different people have different views on it. For example, some believe that if they have much money, they will get and everything they want to. And they will feel happy. Some think that they shoulder be in good health. If so, they can enjoy whatever they like. Others wish to have much wealth from their parents. In this way they don’t have to work hard,and they can own everything, which they think is happiness.

I don’t quite agree with the above views on happiness. I don’t think money means happiness. As is known to us all, we can’t buy everything with money, such as friendship and knowledge. I value knowledge, which makes me happy. Knowledge is power. I can do much for mankind with knowledge. Of course, I can do my work better with it to make my life better. Although different people value happiness differently, my happiness comes from my study.

Most of us feel nervous whenever we’re taking an important exam. Some will feel dizzy or tired, some will suffer from lack of sleep, and some will lose their appetite. In fact, all these symptoms have terrible effects on our exams and we are all eager to get rid of them.

First of all,in my opinion,it’s important for us to have a right attitude towards exams. They are only a means of checking how we are getting along with our studies, so there is no need to worry too much about the results. Study hard every day and make careful plans for every exam. In this way we can avoid suffering from the pressure of exams.

Besides, enough sleep can make us energetic and enable us to perform well in an exam. Therefore, during the period of exams, we should not stay up too late. We can also try a warm bath or a cup of warm milk before going to bed. They might help us to have a sound sleep.

(We’d better go out for a walk or do some outdoor exercise before and during an exam so that we can keep ourselves relaxed and then concentrate ourselves on exams.)

5

I fully understand why we are not comfortable about it, but there’s no need to feel too sad. Our parents are checking our bags or diaries to make sure we’re not getting into any trouble. They have probably heard some horrible stories about other kids and thought we might do the same. Or perhaps they just want to connect with us but are doing it all wrong. My suggestion is: Tell them we want them to trust us as much as we’d like to trust them. If you don’t think you can talk to them, write them a letter and leave it lying around—they are bound to read it.

6

52% of the students agree to it because they can follow their interests and learn more about their favorite subjects.Besides,they can gain more knowledge by receiving instructions from their tutors so that they can improve their academic performance.

However,48% of the students are strongly against it.They think it adds more burdens to their study,which in turn reduces their time to have fun and relax.

In my opinion,the summer vacation is a good time for us to rest and to do what we like.You can make your own decision based on your interest.

Something Special For Parents

Not long ago, Student Union in our school advocated that Senior Three students should do something special for their parents on their 18th birthday. All the students were actively in response to it and most of them have come up with their ideas. Some choose to write a letter, saying it’s the best way to express their appreciation as well as love for their dearest parents. Others prefer to cook a big meal to show that they’ve already grown up.

As for me, I tend to do up hair, wash feet and cut finger-nails for my parents. By doing what parents have been doing for me I can really know how much they devote to bringing me up. Also, being eighteen years old means it’s time that I should take responsibility to take care of them.

8

Welcome to the column“English Writing”!

Recently the school website has set up a new column called “English Writing” which provides students with the chances to post their compositions and communicate with each other . Not only can students improve their writing ability in this way, but also they can strengthen their self-confidence.

The column has lots of advantages.It is the teachers’ guide on line that has the advantage over other columns .If necessary, the students can have a direct “ask and answer” with professional teachers.

It is required that the compositions should be related to the students’ life.What’s more, if it is organized well enough, the writer will be rewarded for it .

Hoping for the students’ participation.

9

Discussion about the issue has become very heated throughout the country, especially in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.

As is shown in the pie chart, 48%of the people surveyed tend to support this policy. They think that it will promote fair education. On the contrary, 19% of the people surveyed think otherwise. They are opposed to the policy, which, in their opinion, is not beneficial to the promotion of fair education. Meanwhile, 23% of the hold that it will be very difficult to carry out the college matriculation policy for migrant children. And very few (10%) people express their view that,

while performing the policy, the governments should pay attention to protecting the local’s legal interests.

As far as I’m concerned, I’m in favor of the policy. On one hand, it can allow the migrant children to enjoy equal opportunity for education. On the other hand, it will have a profound effect in China’s field of education.

10

about present education system while their kids would blame the bad results on teachers. Teachers, who always work hardest, have more complaints like lack of co-operation from parents and less hard work of students. What should be the appropriate attitude towards test results is always under hot discussion. Gladly, most parents nowadays are quite aware of their own responsibilities. They would co-operate more with teachers afterwards and give enough guidance to their kids. Teachers will undoubtedly re-consider and thus improve their teaching methods aiming to increase classroom efficiency. Students will certainly study harder.

In my opinion, it is always the best for family, students and schools to co-operate closely. When kids fail, everybody should be brave enough to bear responsibilities and find practical solutions to avoid similar mistakes. It surely benefits a lot in the construction of a harmonious society as well as forming a friendly relationship between families and schools.

11

Some of my classmates are in favor of living in the city. Firstly, there are more career opportunities in big cities which they think are very important to their future development, because big companies have their headquarters located in big cities. Secondly, they think living in a big city is very comfortable. For one thing, it is convenient to take a bus or a taxi. On top of these, cities have parks, restaurants and other entertainment places where they can seek excitement. But most small towns have none of these.

However, some other students hold a different opinion. They think the expenses of living are high in big cities. Furthermore, big cities are very crowded with too many people. The air is polluted which contributes to the poor living environment.

As far as I’m concerned, every coin has two sides. But on matter where we live, we should

work hard, protect natural environment and save energy.

12

結(jié)合社會(huì)實(shí)際，請(qǐng)你談?wù)劤鰢?guó)留學(xué)的利弊。利：1發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家條件好,設(shè)施先進(jìn)有利學(xué)習(xí)。

2.能了解不同文化，開(kāi)闊視野。3.能鍛煉獨(dú)立生活的能力。4.回國(guó)找工作有優(yōu)勢(shì)。弊：1.語(yǔ)言不熟，溝通困難。2.適應(yīng)期內(nèi)，學(xué)習(xí)會(huì)受影響。3.存在安全隱患。4.費(fèi)用太高。

Nowadays, going to study abroad is popular with the Chinese students．

Obviously, it has a lot of advantages．The students can study in good conditions in developed countries. Besides, they can learn about different cultures and broaden their horizons as well as raise their ability of living independently．Moreover, they may have an advantage in finding jobs at home over others who haven’t been abroad．

However, never can we ignore the disadvantages．Perhaps most students will find it difficult to communicate with (來(lái)自:www.huhawan.com 蒲公英文摘:英語(yǔ)優(yōu)秀短文)the natives because of the language problem．So they may fall behind in their studies while trying to adapt to the new society．Being alone abroad, they’re sure to be faced with safety problem．Meanwhile, the too high cost is undoubtedly a heavy burden to their families．

13

1．城市垃圾的危害：污染環(huán)境，有害健康。

2．你所在的城市是如何處理垃圾的：(1)垃圾分類；(2)報(bào)紙、玻璃的再利用;(3)填埋有害垃圾；(4)處理廢水；(5)制定法律。3.作為一名中學(xué)生你該如何做...

Saving Our City

It is very important to deal with the rubbish in cities. Rubbish must be treated properly, otherwise it may cause problems. It may pollute the air and water. If people breathe the polluted air or drink the polluted water, they may get ill.Our city has begun to pay attention to the problem. For example, rubbish is sorted . Some rubbish,such as newspapers and glass, is recycled.

The rest, which is believed to be harmful, is sent to a certain place and buried.Laws have been passed to protect the environment, so waste water should be treated before it is poured into rivers。We’ve been trying, but there is still a long way to go. As a student, we should do our best to fight against pollution.

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