當(dāng)今的很多城市,缺失文化追求和特色營(yíng)造,使很多城市患上盲目重復(fù)建設(shè)、否定文化傳統(tǒng)、割斷歷史文脈、缺乏城市個(gè)性的“中國(guó)城市流行病”。人們不禁反思:展現(xiàn)時(shí)代風(fēng)貌的同時(shí)要不要傳承城市歷史的老街巷、老建筑?打造時(shí)尚生活的當(dāng)下,是不是摒棄一切富有城市地域特征的文化傳統(tǒng)?
　　老街巷、老建筑如何保護(hù)和開(kāi)發(fā)?政府相關(guān)部門和社會(huì)各界比歷史上的任何時(shí)期都更加重視城市傳統(tǒng)文化的保護(hù)。各地也涌現(xiàn)出了一批對(duì)歷史街區(qū)保護(hù)開(kāi)發(fā)和利用的典范。
　　后海一帶是北京城保留原有民俗文化的最為集中的地區(qū),有18條幽深曲折的胡同和大大小小的四合院,許多建筑年代久遠(yuǎn),具有北京傳統(tǒng)建筑的典型特征。如金絲套地區(qū)的大小金絲胡同,南、北官方胡同和鴉兒胡同、白米斜街、煙袋斜街等。上個(gè)世紀(jì)90年代,北京成立了胡同旅游公司,帶領(lǐng)著成千上萬(wàn)的各種膚色的游客,坐上人力三輪車在后海走街串巷,打探“老北京”民俗風(fēng)情。近百家酒吧、餐館也如雨后春筍,在大小巷子中冒出,使這里成為北京城中最熱門的景點(diǎn)之一。
　　緊鄰后海的南鑼鼓巷,更為完整地保存著元大都時(shí)代的格局和歷史遺存。胡同里各種形制的府邸、宅院多姿多彩。近年來(lái),東城區(qū)交道口街道辦事處對(duì)老舊房屋進(jìn)行“微循環(huán)”漸進(jìn)式改造。在古老院落改造中,按照“修繕、疏散、改善”的原則,以保護(hù)四合院原有風(fēng)貌、改善原住居民生活為準(zhǔn)則,適度適宜發(fā)展旅游及文化創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè),打造最具魅力的國(guó)際旅游目的地。如今,在800米長(zhǎng)的主街巷兩側(cè),云集了130多家別具特色的小店,咖啡小屋、創(chuàng)意小店、特色酒吧、民俗工藝品店等,裝修風(fēng)格回歸傳統(tǒng),與四合院的氛圍和格調(diào)十分契合,既延續(xù)著老北京的市井風(fēng)情,又點(diǎn)綴著時(shí)尚的元素。去年南鑼鼓巷的客流量累計(jì)達(dá)到了160萬(wàn)人次,年銷售總收入達(dá)1.1億元人民幣,從而成為北京旅游的新地標(biāo)。
　　上海田子坊則脫胎于狹窄的近代里弄。這條位于盧灣區(qū)打浦橋地區(qū)的街道叫泰康路,解放后這里建起了多家小工廠,與密集老舊的石庫(kù)門民居相伴。1998年冬,一路發(fā)文化發(fā)展公司率先進(jìn)駐泰康路,從此揭開(kāi)了泰康路創(chuàng)意街區(qū)的序幕。不久,畫家陳逸飛、黃永玉、攝影家爾冬強(qiáng)等藝術(shù)家和一些工藝品店也先后入駐。1999年,黃永玉給這條以泰康路210弄為中心的街區(qū)取名“田子坊”。2000年初,打浦橋街道辦事處邀請(qǐng)英國(guó)設(shè)計(jì)師對(duì)弄堂工廠進(jìn)行重新設(shè)計(jì),改建成都市工業(yè)樓宇。之后,街道又邀請(qǐng)“海歸”人士管理,帶來(lái)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家用舊廠房、舊倉(cāng)庫(kù)轉(zhuǎn)換成創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)園區(qū)的新理念,在3個(gè)弄堂工廠1.8萬(wàn)平方米閑置廠房?jī)?nèi)創(chuàng)立了上海第一個(gè)創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚區(qū),各色畫廊、設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所、精品屋、時(shí)裝屋、出版社、廣告公司、藝術(shù)館、武術(shù)健身房、書(shū)店、古玩店、咖啡店和酒吧一道,集中體現(xiàn)著海派文化特有的魅力,成為外國(guó)人最喜愛(ài)的上海時(shí)尚街區(qū)。
　　蘇州有一條盡顯“老蘇州”風(fēng)情的街巷叫平江路,道路與河道平行,小橋流水,民居枕河,楊柳依岸,江南風(fēng)韻獨(dú)具。1996年4月,八十高齡的建筑大師貝聿銘從美國(guó)回到蘇州老家時(shí),特意來(lái)到這條有著八百多年歷史的平江路。他認(rèn)為,這里才是蘇州靈魂之所在。1997年8月,上海同濟(jì)大學(xué)城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)院等單位編制完成了《蘇州市平江路歷史街區(qū)保護(hù)整治規(guī)劃》。2003年2月,蘇州市投入近兩億元先行啟動(dòng)平江路環(huán)境保護(hù)整治,并確定了平江路先導(dǎo)試驗(yàn)區(qū)。平江路的保護(hù)工程,主打“整舊如故,以存其真”這張牌。沿街不少老宅被用作酒吧、會(huì)所,既保住了市巷舊貌,又更大限度地滿足了當(dāng)下人們的審美和消費(fèi)需求。
　　成都寬窄巷子歷史文化片區(qū),是由寬巷子、窄巷子和井巷子三條平行排列的老街及四合院組成,是成都三大歷史文化保護(hù)區(qū)之一,是“老成都”百年原真建筑格局的最后遺存,也是北方胡同文化和建筑風(fēng)格在南方的“孤本”。2003年,寬窄巷子主體改造工程確立,規(guī)劃控制面積為479畝,核心保護(hù)區(qū)108畝,嚴(yán)格按照“修舊如舊、保護(hù)為主”,“原址原貌、落架重修”的原則進(jìn)行老建筑的就地保護(hù),使該區(qū)域形成以旅游、休閑為主,具有鮮明地域特色和濃郁巴蜀文化氛圍的復(fù)合型文化商業(yè)街。2008年,重新開(kāi)街的寬窄巷進(jìn)駐了許多特色店鋪,形成匯聚民俗體驗(yàn)、公益博覽、高檔餐飲、宅院酒店、娛樂(lè)休閑、特色展覽、情景再現(xiàn)等業(yè)態(tài)的“院落式情景消費(fèi)街區(qū)”和“成都城市懷舊旅游的人文游憩中心”,使這里成為又一處游人必到的“老成都”地標(biāo)。
　　在大量歷史街區(qū)消亡的情形下,芙蓉街、王府池子街、曲水亭街、后宰門街和將軍廟街等極少的老街巷堪稱濟(jì)南“最后的古典”。在這些少得可憐的老街的保護(hù)和開(kāi)發(fā)利用方面,如何巧借他山之石,破繭而出,走出困境,使其以獨(dú)特之風(fēng)貌展示在世人面前,而無(wú)愧于“中國(guó)歷史文化名城”之稱號(hào),已經(jīng)成為濟(jì)南上上下下不得不破解的一道難題。
　　
　　How to protect and develop the old streets and buildings? Relevant government departments and various circles pay more attention than in any other historical periods to the protection of traditional urban culture. Many models for protecting, developing and using historical streets have emerged in various regions.
　　The patterns and historical relics of the capital in the Yuan Dynasty (A.D.1206～1368) are better preserved near the Nanluogu Lane, next to Houhai (part of Shichahai). A variety of governmental residences and houses spread along the alley. In recent years, the Jiaodaokou Sub-district Office of Dongcheng District has gradually conducted “micro-circulation” reform to the old houses. The reform of the old courtyards takes “repair, evacuation, improvement” as its principle, keeping the original appearance of the quadrangle courtyards and improving living standards of the original residents as its norm, and pays proper attention to the development of the tourism industry and cultural innovative industry to make them the most charming international tourism destinations. Nowadays, on both sides of the 800-meter-long main street, there gather over 130 distinctive shops, coffee houses, creative boutiques, special bars, and folk crafts shops etc.. The decoration of these shops adopts the traditional style and fits in with the atmosphere and style of quadrangle courtyards. It inherits the old Beijing style and adopts fashionable elements. Last year, the Nanluogu Lane gained a traffic volume of 1.6 million, with an annual sales income amounting to RMB 110 million, thus becoming the new tourism landmark of Beijing.
　　Chengdu’s Wide and Narrow Alley Historical Culture Area composed of three parallel old streets including Wide alley, Narrow alley, and Neat alley, as well as quadrangle courtyards, is one of the protected areas of historical and cultural reserves in Chengdu. It is also the last remains of the original architectural style of “old Chengdu”, as well as the “only existing copy” of northern alley culture and architectural style in the south. In 2003, the reconstruction project of the wide and narrow alleys has been established with a control area of 479 mus (1mu≈667 square meters) and core protection area of 108 mus. The project is conducted strictly according to the principles of “retaining the original style and protection as the mainstay” and “keeping the original site and reconstructing” to make this area a complex cultural and commercial street with the distinctive and strong cultural atmosphere of Sichuan and a main place for tourism and leisure. In 2008, many characteristic shops entered the reconstructed wide and narrow alleys, creating a “consumption area of courtyard style” and “cultural recreation center for nostalgic tourism”, and making this place a landmark of “old Chengdu” that becomes a must-see resort for tourists.
　　When a large number of historical streets disappeared, a few of the old streets including the Lotus Street, Wangfu Pool Street, Qushuiting Street, Houzaimen Street and General Temple Street and other streets can be called the “l(fā)ast classical heritage”. How to show its unique feature to the world and make it worthy of the title of “Famous Historical and Cultural City in China” becomes a tough problem that has to be dealt with by Jinan people.

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