“殘奧會” 我沒有觀賽，卻總在想著為其更名。但是數(shù)月過去，仍然沒有結(jié)果，索性寫一篇小文，用來征集新名，同時探討語言的進步與文明的含義。

　　社會的進步有許多重要的標志，比如種族平等，人權(quán)女權(quán)，普及教育。但是這些都是上世紀的概念了。21世紀，時代發(fā)展的意義更注重對于個人的尊重。這種尊重早已超越社會廣義的范疇，而更體現(xiàn)在對于每一個人內(nèi)在心理的感覺和自尊。對于個性與個人的社會認可體現(xiàn)在許多方面。不同的社會和文化有其不同的理解。比如有些文化會更認同地位和等級。但是21世紀的社會進步卻十分明顯的表現(xiàn)在對任何個人的尊重，包括罪犯，流浪者的權(quán)益和福利。取消死刑是社會進步的另一表征。

　　社會進步首先是理念的提出和社會的認可，然后實施于國家政策中。為殘疾人提供公共場所的便利早已是發(fā)達社會的顯著標志。但是語言的進步在發(fā)展上卻并不平衡。語言對于每一個人的稱謂首先標志了社會進步和文明的尺度。因為，語言作為文化的主要組成，表征了人們相互交往的一切，包括意識，感覺，心理。如果一個社會的文明首先來自對個人的尊重，那么這種尊重便通過語言具體的表現(xiàn)出來。

　　在西方社會，尤其英語世界，以關(guān)注個人，尊重個性，體現(xiàn)人權(quán)為意識基礎(chǔ)而發(fā)展現(xiàn)代語言從上世紀中就開始了。無論是對于種族的稱謂還是對殘疾人的醫(yī)學(xué)名詞定義都已經(jīng)從國家，社會，科學(xué)界全面展開。任何對于個人那怕是絲毫的蔑視和侮辱名詞，代詞都正式更名。許多傳統(tǒng)名詞已例如官方禁查范圍，不得公開使用。比如：“黑人” 一詞已經(jīng)不在報刊和媒體出現(xiàn)。

　　對殘疾人(本人在中文里無法找到其它詞匯) 的稱謂，已經(jīng)在美國由相關(guān)部門(語言學(xué)界，醫(yī)學(xué)界) 經(jīng)過大量調(diào)查和研究，定出規(guī)范詞匯，并編寫字典，供人使用。例如傳統(tǒng)的“瘸子，” “聾子，” “傻子，” 等詞匯早已禁用。在詞匯改革中，一條重要的標準就是不能在詞匯上直接反映，表征個人身體上，心理上的缺陷。任何與殘疾有關(guān)的語匯，詞組，內(nèi)容必須從語言，心理，文化的角度創(chuàng)造新的語言詞匯。下面列出一些：

　　傳統(tǒng)詞匯：
現(xiàn)代詞匯

　　Deaf and Dump (Mute)：Hard of hearing and speech-disabled

　　Blind people ：Visually handicapped

　　Mongolism：
Down’s syndrome

　　Dwarf ：Little person

　　Mad and Crazy：Emotional disability

　　Retarded ：Intellectually challenged

　　“殘奧會” 中的“殘” 字直接反映了人的身體缺陷。與其相關(guān)的詞“殘廢” 更是如此。因此，“殘奧會”這個中文譯名值得探討(見下文Paralympic History) . 社會的發(fā)達首先是文化的進步。而文化的進步必須表征在語言上。從語言的進步上體現(xiàn)社會中每個人相互之間的敏感度與尊重度.中國歷史文化悠久，語言豐富多彩，完全可以創(chuàng)造出溫馨，合理，達意的新詞匯。

　　希望文學(xué)家們不僅能寫出文采飛揚，字字珠璣的華章，也能創(chuàng)造出為那些社會競爭力受到阻礙人們的形容詞，名詞，和代詞。

　　希望醫(yī)學(xué)家們，心理學(xué)家們不僅能發(fā)表頂級國際雜志論文，也能從科學(xué)出發(fā)，為那些在生活和社會中遭受比常人更為巨大挑戰(zhàn)的人群定義新的醫(yī)學(xué)術(shù)語。

　　希望科學(xué)網(wǎng)的筆友們暫時放下您的博客大作，為“殘奧會” 想出一個21世紀的新譯名。

　　Paralympic History

　　Have you ever wondered if disabled people have any world-wide sporting events in which to compete? The Paralympics are Olympic Games specifically for people with disabilities.

　　The International Paralympic Games are the Olympics for elite athletes with physical disabilities that do not enable them to compete in the regular International Olympic Games. The Paralympic Games are held every four years just like the Olympic Games. They are usually held in the same city and country as the Olympics. Athletes that compete in the Paralympic Games are divided into categories according to their disabilities. The word "paralympic" comes from the Latin word "para" which means "with" and "lympic" refers to the Olympic Games. Sir Ludwig Guttmann"s idea to hold these Games did not start out as the International Paralympic Games. Guttmann was an English neurosurgeon. He worked at the Stoke Mandeville Hospital in Ayslebury, England. He first organized the International Wheelchair Games to occur at the same time as the 1948 London Olympics.

　　Soon after, Guttmann attempted to connect the wheelchair competition with the International Olympic Games. He finally succeeded in making the first official Paralympics in 1960. However, there were previous Games in 1952 that were not official and held along side the Olympic Games. Twenty-three nations participated along with four-hundred athletes. For the first few Paralympic Games, mostly wheelchair athletes participated. As time went on, athletes with different disabilities started competing. The Paralympic Games are held every four years just like the Olympic Games. They are usually held in the same city or country as the Olympics.

　　The Summer Paralympic Games have been held in Rome, Italy in 1960, Tokyo, Japan in 1964; Tel Aviv, Israel in 1968; Heidelberg, Germany in 1972; Toronto, Canada in 1976; Arnhem, The Netherlands in 1980; New York, United States and Stoke Mandeville, England in 1984; Seoul, Korea in 1988; Barcelona, Spain in 1992; Atlanta, United States of America in 1996; and Sydney, Australia in 2000.

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