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class="det_title_info"><h1>試論環(huán)境損害賠償?shù)姆芍贫?/h1></div> <p>發(fā)布時(shí)間:<span>2018-06-26</span> 來(lái)源: <span><a href="http://www.huhawan.com/ganwuaiqing/" class="lanmu">感悟愛(ài)情</a></span> 點(diǎn)擊：<span id="hits"></span> <span><a ><img style="vertical-align: middle; height:16px;" src="/images/wap.jpg" /></a></span></p> </div> <div id="a3mcow9p9gjo" class="det_content" id="zoom"> <p><script type="text/javascript">ok3w_ads("s004");</script></p> <div id="a3mcow9p9gjo" class=ggad><script type="text/javascript">ok3w_ads("s005");</script></div> <br>　　摘要：環(huán)境損害賠償問(wèn)題一直是環(huán)境保護(hù)的重要內(nèi)容，環(huán)境問(wèn)題作為當(dāng)今社會(huì)發(fā)展面臨的一個(gè)重要的問(wèn)題，隨著世界工業(yè)化的不斷發(fā)展，環(huán)境污染日益嚴(yán)重，環(huán)境污染是對(duì)公民環(huán)境權(quán)的一種侵犯，公民的環(huán)境權(quán)作為生存權(quán)的一種，是一項(xiàng)基本的人權(quán)，公民在社會(huì)環(huán)境中生活享有環(huán)境不被破壞與污染并且利用環(huán)境資源的權(quán)利。當(dāng)前我國(guó)的環(huán)境污染事件較多，但是我國(guó)的環(huán)境污染損害賠償缺乏完善的法律制度進(jìn)行規(guī)范，導(dǎo)致環(huán)境污染損害賠償無(wú)法彌補(bǔ)損失，環(huán)境污染問(wèn)題一直難以解決，通過(guò)分析我國(guó)環(huán)境損害侵權(quán)行為的基礎(chǔ)上，總結(jié)歸納我國(guó)當(dāng)前環(huán)境損害賠償法律制度存在的缺陷，從而提出具體的解決對(duì)策，為我國(guó)環(huán)境損害賠償法律制度的完善提供借鑒。<br>　　關(guān)鍵詞：環(huán)境侵權(quán)；損害賠償；法律制度<br>　　一、環(huán)境侵權(quán)行為的內(nèi)涵厘定<br>　　1.環(huán)境權(quán)<br>　　環(huán)境權(quán)是公民人權(quán)的一種，環(huán)境權(quán)的經(jīng)典定義是《斯德哥爾摩人類(lèi)環(huán)境宣言》的宣告：“人類(lèi)有權(quán)在一種能夠過(guò)尊嚴(yán)和福利的生活的環(huán)境中，享有自由、平等和充足的生活條件的基本權(quán)利，并且負(fù)有保護(hù)和改善這一代和將來(lái)的世世代代的環(huán)境的莊嚴(yán)責(zé)任。”環(huán)境權(quán)作為人權(quán)的重要組成部分，是公民享有的不被污染與破壞的環(huán)境中生存與發(fā)展的權(quán)利。環(huán)境權(quán)是公民擁有的一項(xiàng)權(quán)利，我國(guó)的《環(huán)境保護(hù)法》中對(duì)于環(huán)境侵權(quán)行為進(jìn)行了明確的規(guī)定，環(huán)境作為人類(lèi)的共同財(cái)富，具有準(zhǔn)公共物品的屬性，近年來(lái)的環(huán)境污染行為嚴(yán)重影響人們的日常工作與生活，如近幾年來(lái)環(huán)境污染事件頻頻被媒體曝光，如湖南桃源鋁廠(chǎng)污染事件、騰格里沙漠排污、昆明東川“牛奶”河事件以及山東濰坊地下深井排污事件……這些環(huán)境污染事件都是對(duì)公民環(huán)境權(quán)的一種侵害，對(duì)于公民的人身健康造成不利的影響。<br>　　2.環(huán)境損害賠償?shù)膬?nèi)涵<br>　　環(huán)境損害賠償作為環(huán)境侵權(quán)責(zé)任承擔(dān)的一種方式，主要是指環(huán)境污染等問(wèn)題而使得受害者的利益遭受損失，環(huán)境損害受害者獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益補(bǔ)償?shù)臋C(jī)制。通常環(huán)境損害賠償是在法律法規(guī)賦予的權(quán)利范圍內(nèi)行使的權(quán)利，環(huán)境污染等環(huán)境問(wèn)題會(huì)對(duì)公民的健康權(quán)、經(jīng)濟(jì)利益帶來(lái)一定的損失，而環(huán)境損害賠償制度的建立，能夠在一定范圍內(nèi)彌補(bǔ)損失，維護(hù)受害者的合法權(quán)益。<br>　　二、我國(guó)環(huán)境損害賠償?shù)姆芍贫痊F(xiàn)狀及存在的缺陷<br>　　1.環(huán)境損害賠償法律制度的實(shí)施現(xiàn)狀<br>　　環(huán)境損害賠償方面的立法主要有行政與民事賠償責(zé)任，我國(guó)的《環(huán)境保護(hù)法》、《環(huán)境處罰辦法》等法規(guī)中明確規(guī)定環(huán)境侵權(quán)行為應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)的行政責(zé)任。我國(guó)的《環(huán)境保護(hù)法》中第41條明確規(guī)定對(duì)環(huán)境污染造成危害的行為人，有責(zé)任對(duì)因其行為造成的危害進(jìn)行排除，并且對(duì)受到損害的自然人或者其他組織進(jìn)行損失賠償。環(huán)境侵權(quán)行為受害者可以請(qǐng)求環(huán)境保護(hù)的行政主管部門(mén)對(duì)環(huán)境侵權(quán)行為者進(jìn)行行政處罰，能夠有效的保護(hù)環(huán)境損害案件受害者的合法權(quán)益。<br>　　在民事賠償責(zé)任規(guī)定上，我國(guó)的《民法通則》第124條明確規(guī)定污染環(huán)境給他人造成損害的，應(yīng)當(dāng)承擔(dān)民事責(zé)任�！肚謾�(quán)責(zé)任法》第65條規(guī)定污染者應(yīng)承擔(dān)因污染環(huán)境造成損害的侵權(quán)責(zé)任。對(duì)比《民法通則》，《侵權(quán)責(zé)任法》具有一定的進(jìn)步性，其排除了環(huán)境污染行為是否“違反國(guó)家防止污染的規(guī)定”，比如在實(shí)踐中，某企業(yè)的排污是獲得國(guó)家排污許可，符合排污標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，但是其排污確實(shí)造成魚(yú)塘的魚(yú)苗死亡，根據(jù)《侵權(quán)責(zé)任法》受害者可以請(qǐng)求工廠(chǎng)賠償損失。<br>　　2.環(huán)境損害賠償法律制度存在的缺陷<br>　　（1）難以準(zhǔn)確確定環(huán)境損害賠償?shù)呢?zé)任主體。環(huán)境損害賠償法律制度的實(shí)施最為關(guān)鍵是要明確環(huán)境侵權(quán)的責(zé)任主體，在我國(guó)的許多環(huán)境侵權(quán)案件中，往往難以確定環(huán)境侵權(quán)的責(zé)任主體，如在江河、工業(yè)園區(qū)中如果發(fā)生環(huán)境污染事件對(duì)受害者產(chǎn)生人身或者經(jīng)濟(jì)上的損失，受害者難以明確具體是哪個(gè)工廠(chǎng)或者企業(yè)的排污行為導(dǎo)致環(huán)境侵權(quán)，受害者必須要進(jìn)行大量的調(diào)查取證才能明確環(huán)境侵權(quán)的責(zé)任主體。<br>　�。�2）環(huán)境損害賠償?shù)膿p害程度難以認(rèn)定。環(huán)境損害賠償法律制度中，對(duì)于環(huán)境侵權(quán)者的責(zé)任認(rèn)定上要依據(jù)環(huán)境的損害程度，但是環(huán)境侵權(quán)案件具有特殊性，環(huán)境污染的損害認(rèn)定具有較強(qiáng)的專(zhuān)業(yè)性，而且有的環(huán)境污染的損害結(jié)果發(fā)生具有延后性，也就是說(shuō)有的環(huán)境污染的損害結(jié)果發(fā)生具有潛伏性、緩發(fā)性。有的環(huán)境污染導(dǎo)致的損害可能到十年、二十年后才會(huì)暴露，但是此時(shí)早已物是人非，一些污染的企業(yè)可能早已經(jīng)倒閉，導(dǎo)致受害者無(wú)法獲得賠償。<br>　�。�3）缺失懲罰性的環(huán)境損害賠償制度規(guī)定。我國(guó)的法律法規(guī)中對(duì)于環(huán)境侵權(quán)采取的責(zé)任承擔(dān)原則是以實(shí)際的損害為準(zhǔn)，由于缺乏懲罰性的賠償，企業(yè)賠償?shù)膿p害數(shù)額遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于其承擔(dān)治理環(huán)境、罰款、更換生產(chǎn)設(shè)備的金額，企業(yè)在繳納一定的罰款后仍然繼續(xù)排污，主要是因?yàn)榱P款的數(shù)額還不至于讓企業(yè)“肉疼”。<br>　　三、我國(guó)環(huán)境損害賠償法律制度的完善對(duì)策<br>　　1.明確環(huán)境侵權(quán)者的責(zé)任<br>　　我國(guó)的環(huán)境侵權(quán)案件中，許多環(huán)境侵權(quán)的受害者無(wú)法獲得有效的賠償主要在于環(huán)境侵權(quán)的主體難以確定，導(dǎo)致索賠難以實(shí)現(xiàn)，因此必須要通過(guò)建立完善的環(huán)境侵權(quán)責(zé)任制度，對(duì)于一些無(wú)法真正確定環(huán)境侵權(quán)責(zé)任者的環(huán)境侵權(quán)案件，通過(guò)采用公平的原則，如在河流的上游企業(yè)中無(wú)法確定責(zé)任者的，應(yīng)當(dāng)對(duì)于無(wú)法自證其并未排污的企業(yè)確定為環(huán)境侵權(quán)者，能有效的保障環(huán)境侵權(quán)受害者能夠獲得有效的賠償。<br>　　2.采用過(guò)錯(cuò)責(zé)任原則確定損害的程度<br>　　環(huán)境損害賠償制度的最終目的是要讓受害者的損失得到彌補(bǔ)，而環(huán)境侵權(quán)行為存在特殊性，難以有效的確定環(huán)境侵權(quán)的損害結(jié)果，一些環(huán)境侵權(quán)行為并不是企業(yè)有意而為之，但是依然對(duì)受害者造成損失，在環(huán)境侵權(quán)案件中應(yīng)當(dāng)從過(guò)錯(cuò)的輕重來(lái)確定損害賠償?shù)呢?zé)任。當(dāng)前我國(guó)的法律法規(guī)中對(duì)于環(huán)境侵權(quán)承擔(dān)責(zé)任采用的是無(wú)過(guò)錯(cuò)的追究原則，雖然能夠有效的打擊環(huán)境侵權(quán)行為，但是同時(shí)也會(huì)讓企業(yè)產(chǎn)生較大的抵觸心理，如果法律不區(qū)分善意與惡意，對(duì)于企業(yè)更新環(huán)保設(shè)備的積極性產(chǎn)生不利的影響。因此要采用具體的案件具體分析的原則，采用過(guò)錯(cuò)責(zé)任的原則確定環(huán)境損害的責(zé)任，才能真正達(dá)到環(huán)境保護(hù)的目的。<br>　　3.建立環(huán)境損害懲罰性的賠償制度<br>　　許多企業(yè)肆無(wú)忌憚的進(jìn)行排污行為，很大部分是當(dāng)前的環(huán)境損害賠償?shù)某杀具^(guò)低，我國(guó)缺乏環(huán)境損害賠償?shù)膽土P性賠償制度，導(dǎo)致許多環(huán)境損害的受害者獲得的賠償較少，無(wú)法彌補(bǔ)其損失，因此通過(guò)采用懲罰性的賠償制度，對(duì)于環(huán)境侵權(quán)者進(jìn)行嚴(yán)厲的懲罰，能夠切實(shí)維護(hù)環(huán)境損害受害者的權(quán)益。<br>　　參考文獻(xiàn)：<br>　　[1]呂忠梅.中國(guó)環(huán)境污染對(duì)健康損害的成因與對(duì)策[J].前進(jìn)論壇，2011，（09）：53-55.<br>　　[2]同林，韓立釗，劉靜瑤.完善我國(guó)環(huán)境污染損害賠償體系的幾點(diǎn)建議[J].中國(guó)人口、資源與環(huán)境，2010，20（3）：455-458.<br>　　[3]唐小晴，張?zhí)熘?環(huán)境損害賠償之關(guān)鍵前提：因果關(guān)系判定[J].中國(guó)人口、資源與環(huán)境，2012，22（08）：172-176.<br>　　[4]呂忠梅.消除“環(huán)境保護(hù)對(duì)抗環(huán)境保護(hù)”：重金屬污染危害人體健康的法律監(jiān)管目標(biāo)[J]世界環(huán)境，2012（6）：36-37.<br>　　[5]李摯萍.社會(huì)轉(zhuǎn)型中農(nóng)民環(huán)境權(quán)益的保護(hù)——以廣東為例[J].中山大學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)：社會(huì)科學(xué)版，2007（4）：71-76.<br>　　[6]呂忠梅.《湖北省湖泊保護(hù)條例》立法構(gòu)想——以湖北省湖泊保護(hù)現(xiàn)狀調(diào)查為基礎(chǔ)[J].湖北經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)，2012（3）：5-13.<p 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