ǕԄºЇ(gu)l(xing)ڄ(dng)Ј(chng)D(zhun)еԹͻ(dng)c(hu)(1978-1996)
l(f)r(sh)g:2020-06-03 Դ: vʷ c(din)
Ҫ˙C(j)(hu)(dng)Փҕ,Áጲͬ(hu)Є(dng)挦(du)ڄ(dng)Ј(chng)D(zhun)^ЙC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)׃wr(sh)ķ(yng),Լͬ(dng)^Ӱ(hu)ĸ׃һ(xing)ȫ(gu)Եij{(dio)锵(sh)(j),z(yn)Ї(gu)кr(nng)еĄڄ(dng)M(jn)Թ͘I(y)ģʽ,Լ@NģʽڲͬĸĸA׃,P(gun)עc(din)ǸɲΑ(yng)(du)µЈ(chng)C(j)(hu)(du){(dio)Yϵķ,ĸ,ɲڳK˂ɞԹ͘I(y),r(nng)ЅsȻ,SĸM(jn),иɲԽԽܳɞԹ͘I(y),ҲֻЩڸĸЩAγɞԹߵ^ߵ냞(yu)(sh)ĵĽY(ji)Փָ,о(hu)xD(zhun)ͽ(jng)(j)и(g)(hu)Ⱥwă(yu)(sh)Pӄ(sh)׃r(sh),҂(yng)ԓڄ(dng)Ϋ@(hu)λ/Ⱥwݵ(dng)^̿]M(jn)
P(gun) I ~Թ͂ڄ(dng)Ј(chng)(hu)ӡЈ(chng)D(zhun)
˽вTǰ(gu)(hu)x(gu)еijF(xin)SĉѴٷ佛(jng)(j)Ј(chng)(jng)(j)D(zhun)^вɷָһ(Bonnell & Gold ,2002) |W20 o(j)60 ,Ї(gu)70 ,Ј(chng)C(j)ƾu뵽(hu)xٷ佛(jng)(j)֮,ԴM(jn)a(chn),˂ˮƽ,Ͳm,r(nng)ͱSһЩr(nng)I(y)˽й̘I(y)(dng),ٍȡ~ļͥ(Szelnyi ,1988) ;Ї(gu),ͥ(lin)a(chn)а؟(z)ƵČ(sh)ጷųr(nng)ʣڄ(dng),еS_ʼ·r(nng)a(chn)I(y)˽˽(jng)I(yng)(dng)(Qian ,2000) еĂ(g)w̘I(y)c˽I(yng)I(y)Ҳ20 o(j)80 ׃÷dzS( Gold ,1991) ˽вTdoڄ(dng)Ј(chng)еęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)˛QԵӰ,(do)ٷƶȲرg
˽вTijF(xin)Ͱl(f)չӰ푸ĸе(hu)P(gun)IԵڵһ(xing)о,(hu)x(post-socialist) D(zhun)ͽ(jng)(j)вӄ벻ƽȵһ(g)ҪԴ˽Թͻ(dng)(rn)(World Bank ,2000 :152 - 154) (du)(hu)xr(sh)Թͻ(dng)оҪڃɂ(g):һM(jn)Թͻ(dng)ģʽ,l(shu)(hu)ɞԹ͘I(y);ǏԹͻ(dng)ĺ,Թ͘I(y)cȺw(hu)ӵĽY(ji)() (hu)? ں^ӴεƶD(zhun)c(g)֮gƽģʽ׃֮g(@о(gu)(hu)xı^(hu)W(xu)ҽdȤ}Ŀ) ,ڄ(dng)Ј(chng)TD(zhun)^һ(g)ҪBӘ
M܌(du)|W(gu)ҺǰK(lin)Թͻ(dng)оP(gun)Ј(chng)D(zhun)͵īI(xin)ռஔ(dng)ƪ(Gerber ,2002 ; Hanley ,2000 ; Szelnyi ,1988 ; Rna-Tas ,1994) ,P(gun)Ї(gu)@rоtஔ(dng)ֵоڲͬȺw֮g׃(dng)(Bian & Logan ,1996 ; Nee ,1996 ; Xie & Hannum ,1996 ; Zhou ,2000) ֵע,P(gun)ڄڄ(dng)Ј(chng)D(zhun)c벻ƽȵ(lin)ϵķ,rP(gun)עȻ,@һ}оЇ(gu)׃(dng)ֵeP(gun)ע,?yn)Ї?gu)ɹwD(zhun)͵·˽вTĝuM(jn)m(x)ĔU(ku)չġ
ڱ,һ(g)C(j)(hu)(dng)ՓҕǁUͬ(hu)Є(dng)Α(yng)(du)SЈ(chng)TĔU(ku)ęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)׃,ԼЈ(chng)T˵ĽM׃Ӱ푺(hu)xķͨ^(du)1996 ꡰ(dng)Ї(gu)ʷ(hu)׃w{(dio)锵(sh)(j)(Treiman &Walder ,1996) ,șz(yn)M(jn)Թ͘I(y)ģʽЇ(gu)кЇ(gu)r(nng)ıӵIJͬ,Ȼͨ^ʾ@ЩM(jn)ģʽϵIJ҂Ї(gu)(hu)xr(sh)벻ƽģʽ
һD(zhun)ͽ(jng)(j)еĄڄ(dng)Ј(chng)c(hu)
fġԹͻ(dng)( self-employment) һ(g)xĸ,,cùYܹ(du),ڷr(nng)a(chn)I(y)TԼй˹̹ƝR(Steinmetz &Wright ,1989 : 979) f,Թ͘I(y)ָЩͨ^ԼĄڄ(dng)@ȡֻȫ,dzuԼĄڄ(dng)oԫ@ȡYˡĸv, Թ͘I(y)ߡͬڡ˽I(yng)I(y),һ(g)ױR(sh)(hu)Ⱥw,?yn)څ˽I(yng)I(y)ڽ(jng)I(yng)I(y)(dng)wF(xin)I(y)Ҿ(Aldrich &Waldinger ,1990 ; Gerber ,2001) һ(g)ԹȿԹ͂,ҲԲЇ(gu),Թ͘I(y)ͨ(g)w͡˽I(yng)I(y)
ǰ(hu)x(gu)˽вTԹ͘I(y)İl(f)չ˃ɂ(g)Ե׃,YԴC(j)ϵ׃ڙC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)ϵ׃,Ј(chng)ٷYԴõăɷNͬƶ߉,ٷ佛(jng)(j)Ј(chng)C(j)Ƹ׃˲ͬ(hu)λ֮gP(gun)ϵ,ֱa(chn)ڽ(jng)(j)(bo)ķ䷽ٷ߸ռ(yu)(sh),Ј(chng)Tİl(f)չa(chn)µęC(j)(hu),(jng)I(yng)˽I(yng)I(y)ѽ(jng)ɞ顰(gu)(hu)x(hu)ŵȼ(j)l(f)չ֮һlɹxĵ·(Nee ,1989a :667)
@ɂ(g)Ե׃ͨ^ɂ(g)ڸϲͬ^̌(du)(hu)Ӱl(f)Ӱ푵һ(g)^ֱӵЧ(yng):ƶ׃wֱӌ(do)˸(g)(hu)λõõ؈(bo)Ҏ(gu)tl(f)׃ڶ(g)^̄twF(xin)µķ܁ԴڙC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)׃(hu)ɆTSͬ(hu)λõ(dng)ǰƶxҕP(gun)Ј(chng)D(zhun)͵о,ں̶ܴ϶ֻP(gun)עǰһ(g)^̡@һI(lng)о_ʼԽԽ(qing){(dio)һ(g)^̌(du)(hu)xr(sh)ڲͬӽY(ji)
(һ) ƶxҕ:(du)Ј(chng)D(zhun)Փ(zhng)Փ˼ͳԽ
Ј(chng)D(zhun)īI(xin)һ(g)Ć}P(gun)ڹa(chn)hɲ(du)µ˽I(yng)I(y)ڽ(jng)(j)(yu)(sh)׃(Szelnyi & Kostello ,1996 ;߅,2002) ٷC(j)ƺЈ(chng)C(j)YԴƫõͬ(Szelnyi ,1978) ,һЩW(xu)A(y)y(c),ǰ(gu)(hu)x(gu)ҏٷ佛(jng)(j)Ј(chng)(jng)(j)ƶD(zhun)^,a(chn)һ(g)ֱa(chn)/˽I(yng)I(y)ٷߵę(qun)D(zhun)^(Nee ,1989a) һЩ(jng)(yn)C(j)֧@һ},(bo)f(du)Ι(qun)Ļ؈(bo)½,(du)Y˽I(yng)I(y)(jng)I(yng)(dng)Ļ؈(bo)Ȼ,һЩW(xu)෴Ľ(jng)(yn)Y(ji)|(zh)@һ^c(din),һЩԵĽ,ԏ(qing){(dio)Ι(qun)ľSm(x)(power persistence) (Bian &Logan ,1996) Ι(qun)(jng)(j)(yu)(sh)D(zhun)Q(power conversion) (Rona-Tas ,1994) ,ԼκЈ(chng)ͬݻՓ(co-evolution of politics and markets) (Zhou ,2000)
Mһ,Džc@(chng)(zhng)ՓеČW(xu)߿,Ի^쵽IJͬ(hu)Ⱥw֮g벻ƽȁ팦(du)(hu)ƶșC(j)Ƶ׃ֱӵՓ,ɲ/hTă(yu)(sh)ԚwY(ji)ٷC(j)Ƶ,(du)Y˽I(yng)I(y)(jng)I(yng)(dng)Ļ؈(bo)tԚwY(ji)Ј(chng)C(j)ƵĽY(ji)Ȼ,(j)^쵽IJƽȵģʽ(du)C(j)Փһ(g)߉ϵS,@هS^Ⱥ(jin)κδ(jng)z(yn)ļO(sh),ȫ(hu)ɆTڲͬ(hu)Ⱥw֮g(dng)^,P(gun)Ј(chng)D(zhun)ͽY(ji)Փ(zhng)q]нY(ji)(Zhou ,2000)
ڴ,ڵоѽ(jng)_ʼԽЈ(chng)D(zhun)͠(zhng)ՓĿ,ԇDڸNwƶȱ°l(f)F(xin)IJͬ(jng)(yn)Y(ji)(du)Ι(qun)YĻ؈(bo)׃ܱһϵg׃,繤λ(Wu ,2002 ; Zhou ,2000) (dng)?sh)Ј?chng)P(gun)ϵ(Parish &Michelson ,1996) ԵԴ(Walder ,2002) ,?yn)Ј?chng)ƶȵă(ni), l(shu)Al(shu)ݔ@(g)}һ(g)(f)sĆ},Ĵں̶ܴҪҕЈ(chng)͇(gu)֮gͬƶȰŶ
ڌƶȱw֮,ǰÁֲ֧ͬՓ}Ľ(jng)(yn)l(f)F(xin)ͲìˡͿ˹̩_(Szelnyi & Kostello ,1996) (jng)ָ,ٔU(ku)չЈ(chng)Ta(chn)˺ܶµęC(j)(hu),܉@ЩµęC(j)(hu)ˌɞA,܉@ЩC(j)(hu)ڲͬ龳Dzͬĸ,(dng)M(jn)Ј(chng)L(fng)U(xin)OߡֲҪܶ༼g(sh)r(sh),ֵԹ͘I(y)߁Դ(hu)ĵ(dng)˽I(yng)(jng)(j)׃øߺϷ,ͬr(sh)Ј(chng)(jng)(zhng)ڽ(jng)(j)l(f)չеԽԽr(sh),ЩYY_ʼ뵽Ј(chng)(dng)ȥһЩɲ@һAγɹ،ؙ(qun)D(zhun)QµĽ(jng)(j)(yu)(sh)һ,κ(Walder ,2003) J(rn)ǘ,Ј(chng)ĸﲻH˽вTЮa(chn)˽(jng)(j)C(j)(hu),Ҳ鹫ؔ(ci)a(chn)עµăr(ji)ֵ,ĶoЩڹTĸɲӢ˙C(j)(hu)^,ںηN̶@ЩɲӢռ(gu)ؔ(ci)a(chn),Ҫҕƶ׃wͷɱϵij̶ȶ;@ڲͬć(gu)ͬĸĸAζ(hu)кܴIJͬ
о,ٷ䵽Ј(chng)@һ^ƶ׃w(du)(hu)xr(sh)ɲ?j)?yu)(sh)׃]ֱӵ෴,@Щں̶ܴҪهһЩg^@Щ^,C(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)׃_ʼܵԽԽVעf,׃˵ęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)^ƶ׃w͂(g)gӽY(ji)IJ(lin)
() C(j)(hu)(dng)ҕ
mȻW(xu)߂?c)P(gun)(hu)xӵоѽ(jng)R(sh)˙C(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)׃Ӱ,ǙC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)^ȥоȻֻһ(g)ܺĸ,c(hu)(dng)֮gP(gun)ϵȻҪо־(Nee ,1989a) _ָ,Ј(chng)(jng)(j)ijF(xin)׃C(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu),ʹý(jng)I(yng)˽I(yng)I(y)ɞһl() (hu)(dng)ĵ·Ȼ,(du)Ї(gu)r(nng)@õĽ(jng)(yn)HHáıӵĴfк͵Ј(chng)Ŀgxy(c)Ј(chng)C(j)(hu),]ֱӱ^ٷЈ(chng)ɷNƶ֮gęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)
־ָǷNԪC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu), ˂ŵȼ(j),ҲԇLԇͨ^Ј(chng)(Szelnyi ,1988 :65) },Щ˹ŵȼ(j)֮,ЩD(zhun)Ј(chng)T? @һ}(du)(hu)x(hu)׃wOҪڵоl(f)F(xin),Ї(gu)r(nng),cԹͻ(dng)еҪȺw(hu)ȼ(j)еĵ(Nee ,1989a ;Szelnyi ,1988) ,Ј(chng)Ы@õ挢a(chn)hɲ(du)(yu)(sh)(Cao &Nee ,2000 ;Nee ,1989a1996) ,ɲͣwƃ(ni)Ĺŵȼ(j)֮ڹa(chn)xwƽw֮,ĸɲӢͨڄ(dng)߸܌ԼD(zhun)鹫˾I(y),SĽ(jng)(j)(yu)(sh)(Rona2Tas ,1994) ںK(lin)Ķ_˹,ǰa(chn)hT^m(x)냞(yu)(sh)@Щ(yu)(sh)ywY(ji)ѽ(jng)w˵(hu)xƶ(Gerber ,1999)
һЩо_،Y(ji)(gu)׃wM(jn)ጿ,Է(hu)x(gu)еĸNӽY(ji)Y(ji)(gu)׃w( structural change ,(hu)λڽMϵ׃) ڸϺ͡ƶ׃w(institutional change ,a(chn)(qun)׃) DzͬںK(lin)Ķ_˹,겮(Gerber ,2002) ķ,ƶ׃wµĽY(ji)(gu)׃wֱӰ(hu)ɆTC(j)(hu),ɴˮa(chn)(hu)ӷĸNͬY(ji)Ї(gu)r(nng), κ(Walder ,2002) z(yn)һNضĽY(ji)(gu)׃w(dng)?sh)ع͂ڄ?dng)ĔU(ku)չ(du)벻ƽģʽӰоl(f)F(xin),ٵĽ(jng)(j)L(zhng),r(nng)I(y)˽I(yng)I(y),鹤нڄ(dng)Ј(chng)İl(f)չ(chung)˙C(j)(hu);@,ɲ˽I(yng)I(y)؈(bo)׃,هڹ͂ڄ(dng)˽I(yng)I(y)ڮ(dng)?sh)ؽ?jng)(j)е(du)Ҫԡ@һ(du)ҪԲȻcƶD(zhun)P(gun)
@ЩY(ji)(gu)׃w,(c(din)̎xһ(y))
^؈(bo)(hu)λ(˽I(yng)I(y)) ,˂x_ǰλ(dng)µλ,Ҳxx_Ҫⲻͬ(hu)Ⱥw֮gIJƽӮa(chn),҂ҪԔ(x)о˂ضλõ(dng)^ǕԄx(Wu& Xie ,2003 :429) tM(jn)һָ,ڄ(dng)DŽ(dng)B(ti)(hu)Є(dng),Ǻ(jin)εЈ(chng)Q,ͨ^eO،?c)ڄڄ?dng)Ј(chng)ϵλÁؑ(yng)Ј(chng)Ӱ푡о(qing){(dio)˲ͬ(dng)^̌(du)ģʽ׃Ӱ,|(zh)ǰSW(xu)ں(hu)xоõƶxጡȻ,ͬ(dng)ģʽǕԄxԽጵһ(g)ҪĻA(ch),]ķеõ(jng)(yn)ϵC
ڱ,_ذѡƶD(zhun)Ӱ(hu)ӽY(ji)@һ^̶x顰ƶD(zhun)Ӹ׃ڄ(dng)Ј(chng)ϵęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu),Լ(g)ͨ^ڲͬ(hu)λ֮g(dng)푪(yng)(du)׃˵ęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)^@һǶȳl(f),Č̽ӑеһ(g)(dng)^,M(jn)뵽Թ͘I(y)@H?yn)˽вTǰ(gu)(hu)x(hu)еijF(xin)Ј(chng)(jng)(j)ƶD(zhun)ֱɵ,߀?yn)cɲ˽I(yng)I(y)P(gun)(lin)냞(yu)(sh)ѽ(jng)ɞ(hu)xīI(xin)ߠ(zhng)hԵԒ}֮һ
Ї(gu)l(xing)M(jn)Թ͘I(y)ģʽ:O(sh)
˽вTİl(f)չЇ(gu)ѽ(jng)^˺L(zhng)·A͇(gu)ǰ30 ,˽I(yng)(jng)(j)Dzڵ1978 ֮,(jng)(j)ĸʹԹ͘I(y)˽вT_ʼ(f)Kc1989 ֮Ė|WǰK(lin)еļM(jn)˽лʩͬ,Ї(gu)ĸĸ߲ÝuM(jn)ķʽU(ku)չ˽вT,P(gun)](gu)I(y)ߌ(du)(gu)I(y)M(jn)˽л(Qian ,2000) (du)˽I(yng)(jng)(j)İl(f)չ˸Nơ20 o(j)80 ,ֻЂ(g)wǺϷҎ(gu),һ(g)(g)wֻܹ͂8 (g)ں̶ܴ˽I(yng)I(y)ֱ80 ڲŵõJ(rn),ܶǏĂ(g)wl(f)չ˽I(yng)(jng)(j)1989 - 1991 g(jng)v˶̕Ĵ,1992 СƽѲ֮ŵõµİl(f)չ˽I(yng)I(y)ȫϷ,?c)Ї?gu)Ľ(jng)(j)L(zhng)ҲԽԽ
1985 ,˽вTĹI(y)a(chn)ȫ(gu)a(chn)2 %,1997 ,@һ(sh)34 %˽вTеĹ͂ڄ(dng)ҲõѸٰl(f)չ,1981 ֻռȫ(gu)r(nng)ڄ(dng)(sh)2 %,1997 ij^18 %(Garnaut et al . ,2001 ;mʿ,2002 ;, 2002) (sh)ر,ԽԽÔU(ku)չ˵Ј(chng)C(j)(hu)@(hu)(jng)(j)(dng)
M˽вTijF(xin)Ї(gu)˂_һ(g)µęC(j)(hu)֮,(hu)x(du)оr(nng)Dzͬ1955 ԁ,Ї(gu)ȫ(gu)(sh)ˑڵӛƶ,ĶOӰ˳кr(nng)еęC(j)(hu)ֲĸ֮ǰ,r(nng)δõSrDz(dng)е,ò(hu)x(gu)xoоę(qun)(Wu & Treiman ,2004) ʹǴf(zhn)@һ(j)ĸɲ,]гБ,Ҳ`ڇ(gu)ҵĹϵy(tng),Ҳ(hu)ͨйǘӓһЩؙ(qun)
ĸ_ʼ,r(nng)ƻϱU,dzеٷ䲿TȻ^m(x)ڡY(ji),r(nng)Թͻ(dng)Щ(hu)xw±Z(hu)(jng)(j)C(j)(hu)ṩһ(g)(dng)ҪٍXr(nng)ͥPr(nng)(ɲ) p(hu)(jng)(j)λΩһ;ڳ,ԪC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)ڄڄ(dng)Ј(chng)_ʼuF(xin)mȻ˂(hu)ΰl(f)չC(j)(hu)ȻҪڇ(gu)вT,˽вTо(hu)(dng)ҲṩһlԽԽĵ·
@ӲͬęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu),кr(nng)еԹ͘I(y)ڂ(g)˱DzͬġڵČ(sh){(dio)l(f)F(xin),r(nng)˽I(yng)I(y)Ҫa(chn)(du)ɲr(nng)l(xing)֪܊@Щ˱ͨr(nng)иY() Y(Nee ,1989b) ڳ,ւ(g)w˽I(yng)I(y)(hu)߅Ⱥw,r(nng)ʧI(y)˺(du)@Щ˶,]ʲôʧȥ,ͨ^c˽I(yng)(jng)(j)ȥ,Եõ(Gold ,1991 ; (qing),1993)
J(rn),M(jn)뵽Թ͘I(y)ģʽڳкr(nng)Dzͬġw,ڸɲɞԹ͘I(y)߷,¼O(sh):
O(sh)1 :ڳ,ɲȷǸɲܳɞԹ͘I(y),r(nng)岢
иɲڇ(gu)вTęC(j)(hu),r(nng)ɲ1978 ֮t]@ӵęC(j)(hu)r(nng)彛(jng)(j)ں̶ܴǽ(hu)y(tng)ͼͥP(gun)ϵ֮ϵ@Nr,mȻr(nng)ɲ?j)A(hu)YcԹͻ(dng)ȥ,ȻSr(nng)M(jn)Թ͘I(y)TĽ,(du)Ј(chng)ϵĽ(jng)I(yng)C(j)(hu)]ȫŔ
C(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)Hڳкr(nng)ͬ,߀Sr(sh)gƶ׃^ȥ20 ,Ї(gu)l(f)չЈ(chng)(jng)(j)ڲ׃(dng)˽I(yng)(jng)(j)ƞٷ佛(jng)(j)a(b)䲿֕r(sh),cԹͻ(dng)ȥҪԴ(hu)ϵ߅Ⱥw,ڳЛ]ʲôʧȥ˂,SЈ(chng)ȡøĺϷ,ڽ(jng)(j)l(f)չԽԽr(sh),C(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)׃wĽY(ji),ԽԽM(jn)Ј(chng)
Ї(gu),(do)Ј(chng)(jng)(j)1992 ȡȫĺϷԺ,Թͻ(dng)˾ԽԽˡSɲŗ?c)ڳٷ䲿TеI(y)C(j)(hu),º(jng)(Wu & Xie ,2003) ]@Щ׃,Ҍr(sh)gS뵽M(jn)Թ͘I(y)^,z(yn)¼O(sh):
O(sh)2 :MܳиɲȷǸɲȻܳɞԹ͘I(y),SĸM(jn),ɞԹ͘I(y)ߵĿԕ(hu)ԽԽ
@ЩͬD(zhun)ģʽӽጺ(hu)xЇ(gu)? ǕԄx(Wu & Xie ,2003) о,Ј(chng)T^(Թ͘I(y)) HmһڸĸЩAM(jn)뵽Ј(chng)е@Щˮ(dng),Щڇ(gu)вTDžsԸطŗ̓(yu)(sh)M(jn)뵽Ј(chng),@øߵ(Xie &Wu ,2005) SĸIJM(jn),иɲɞԹ͘I(y)ԽԽҪIJ,Щr(sh)M(jn)ߵĸֻǷӳɸɲuһ׃˽I(yng)I(y)(cadre-converted-entrepreneurs) ^߽(jng)(j),P(gun)ļO(sh):
O(sh)3 :ڸĸЩr(sh)ɞԹ͘I(y)ߵijиɲ,@ñȺwߵ
O(sh)2 ͼO(sh)3 ֻP(gun)עеD(zhun)̈́(dng)W(xu)ϵĽY(ji)ԭж:һ,ԪC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)ֻڳд,@һY(ji)(gu)K˄ڄ(dng)M(jn)뵽Թ͘I(y)ڶ,кr(nng)ĸĸͬİl(f)չ;r(nng),wϵڸĸ_ʼüȫU;ڳ,mȻٷ䲿Tusp,ֱȻ,ĸAΌ(du)˂M(jn)Թ͘I(y),ڳҪr(nng)@SЈ(chng)(do)ĸĸﲻ,кr(nng)M(jn)Թ͂I(y)ģʽܕ(hu)څһ,ڙz(yn)@ɂ(g)O(sh),(du)r(nng)ӱķ(hu)c(du)ИӱķM(jn)б^
(sh)(j)־w(ni)Ҋ
Y(ji)ӑՓ
20 ǰʡP(yng)hСؚr(nng)]뵽,(dng)?c)һĕϰָ?ðΣU(xin)Qa(chn)֮r(sh), Ӣe(dng)ȻЇ(gu)vʷһ(chng)׃ĵһƪ¡r(nng)ĸ(lin)a(chn)а؟(z)ƵČ(sh)ʩоƶD(zhun)͌(du)(g)C(j)(hu)Ӱ,҂(yng)(dng)(interest) cЄ(dng)(agency) @һ^̵ĺλ,?yn)?Ϭ(DiMaggio ,1988) ָ:]ȺwĽ,ƶh(yun)ܰl(f)չ\(yn),ƶȵľSm(x)׃wȡQЩЄ(dng)(act)ͲЄ(dng)(not act) ˸(jng)(zhng)ĽY(ji)
(hu)W(xu)Ҍ(du)ƶx/Y(ji)(gu)xһu(png)ͬmP(gun)(hu)x(gu)Ј(chng)D(zhun)͵о,т(g)Є(dng)(human agency) ȫ(dng)ƶȺͽY(ji)(gu)ӰcƼs,ҕƶ/Y(ji)(gu)ĺζĆ}粼(Blau ,1977 :5) f:(hu)(dng)^ǴֲͬʽĽY(ji)(gu)׃wı|(zh)Ҫڴ,һ(g)C(j)(hu)(dng)ķ,˄ڄ(dng)Ї(gu)кr(nng)ԼڲͬĸĸAM(jn)Թ͘I(y)ģʽ,@ЩģʽcЇ(gu)ģʽ׃(lin)ϵeP(gun)עɲD(zhun)^е,(g)оO(sh),ͨ^(sh)(j)֧@(g)O(sh)ĵķY(ji),M(jn)Թ͂I(y)ģʽڳкr(nng)ȫͬ:ڳK˄ڄ(dng)M(jn)Թ͂I(y),r(nng)tM(jn)@һ^;hTɲڳж@p˄ڄ(dng)M(jn)Թ͘I(y)Ŀ,r(nng)嶼(du)ڄ(dng)M(jn)Թ͘I(y)]@Ӱ(O(sh)1)
@,Ї(gu)D(zhun)܉EеĸɲṩԽԽijɞԹߵęC(j)(hu)ڳ,ɲMȻȷǸɲM(jn)Թ͘I(y),Sr(sh)g,?c)Խ@ô(O(sh)2) r(nng),ɲץסI(y)(jng)I(yng)C(j)(hu)Ⱥw֮һ֮,]˃(yu)(sh)
@ЩЇ(gu)ͬM(jn)Թ͘I(y)ģʽIJ,ܺõرЈ(chng)D(zhun)͵(hu)Y(ji)(hu)^Ƕô(f)s(sh),Ј(chng)D(zhun)͠(zhng)Փĸď(f)sĈDҵһЩC(j)֧Ե^c(din),r(nng)^(q)D(zhun)ͮcЈ(chng)D(zhun)Փһ:Y()˂M(jn)Թ͘I(y)ęC(j)(hu),t(du)@Ј(chng)C(j)(hu)]@(Nee ,1989a) Ȼ,(dng)҂r(nng)@һ,sl(f)F(xin)ڳв@ӡMܳиɲȻȷǸɲܳɞԹ͘I(y),?c)ڸĸЩAԽԽ@@c_{˹(Rna-Tas ,1994) l(f)F(xin)M(jn)еġ(qun)D(zhun)͡^һ
ҿ,@Щ(zhng)hǁڏIJͬ;õĽ(jng)(yn)Y(ji),ǁڌW(xu)߂?yu)@Щ(jng)(yn)Y(ji)õՓЇ(gu)r(nng)õP(gun)ڡɲcȺڳɞ˽I(yng)I(y)ҷ]@e(Nee ,1989a) ĽY(ji)ӳЈ(chng),ôڳСɲȺܳɞ˽I(yng)I(y)ҡ@һl(f)F(xin),͕(hu)ͬһ(g)ጿ³ɞ醖},?yn)ٷ?qun)푪(yng)ڳиʢһ,҂^쵽ĸɲI(y)ҵ냞(yu)(sh)ܲһ^ȥеę(qun),ֻǷӳx(self-selection) (Gerber ,1999 ; Xie & Wu ,2005)
,ҏ(qing){(dio)C(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)׃w͂(g)˵x(dng),Ǻ^ƶD(zhun)ͺ(hu)ӽY(ji)׃֮gһ(g)g^,Ǻ(jin)εؼO(sh)f,ƶȱ팦(du)ӽY(ji)Ѓ(ni)ڵЈ(chng)D(zhun)͵ĽY(ji)هڔU(ku)˵Ј(chng)TӸ׃ͬ(hu)Є(dng)挦(du)ęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu),Լ(hu)Є(dng)λؑ(yng)ڄ(dng)Ј(chng)ϵ׃ĵķ,Щ܉׃˵ĽY(ji)(gu)Լöλˌٳ´_Լă(yu)(sh),½(gu)µ(hu)
Ҫָ:һ,Թ͘I(y)ڱбxú܌,eڳкr(nng)ı,ܰdzЮ|(zh)ԵĻ(dng),M(jn)һķҪи鼚(x)µķ,ӑՓԹ͘I(y)(dng)(hu)(jng)(j)x(ҊWu , 2006) ڶ,ڔ(sh)(j)P(gun)ϵ,Ї(gu)20 o(j)90 ԁڽ(jng)(j)D(zhun)ͷһЩش׃]ڱĵķзӳ,r(nng)弯wTĸɲ/߬F(xin)ڿԺϷ،ԼD(zhun)Q˽I(yng)I(y)(Li & Rozelle ,2003) ,еĸɲF(xin)ҲԷǷֶ̇(gu)ؔ(ci)a(chn)ԼI(y)(Walder ,2003) ,(gu)I(y)M(jn)һĸҲ(do)˴˺ʧI(y)ʵ,ĶʹһЩˏСҎ(gu)ģԹͻ(dng)\Ӌ(j)Щr,Թ͘I(y)ֻǡһ(g)F˵ıy, ǡһlͨؔ(ci)ĵ·(Hanley ,2000) ;C(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)(dng)C(j)Ҳܕ(hu)(yng)ذl(f)׃,ԺоҪ׃ęC(j)(hu)Y(ji)(gu)һЩw׃(lin)ϵ,M(jn)һz(yn)ġC(j)(hu)(dng)}
(hu)W(xu)о20066
P(gun)~ º Ї(gu) l(xing) ڄ(dng)Ј(chng)
c(din)x