英美文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史篇一：英國(guó)文學(xué)史復(fù)習(xí)資料、《英美文學(xué)史及作品選讀》復(fù)習(xí)資料合并版

英國(guó)文學(xué)史資料British Writers and Works

I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages

<Beowulf>貝奧武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons

Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of

a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and

elevated.

e.g. Homer?s Iliad and Odyssey

Artistic features:

1. Using alliteration

Definition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words

in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（頭韻）

Some examples on P5

2. Using metaphor and understatement

Definition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled

way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express

their ideas

Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?喬叟1340(?)~1400

(首創(chuàng)“雙韻體”，英國(guó)文學(xué)史上首先用倫敦方言寫作。約翰·德萊頓（John Dryden）稱其為“英國(guó)詩(shī)歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。)

The father of English poetry.

It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (綜合的，廣泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A )

A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Matin Luther C. William Langland D. John Gower writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.

① <The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：

first time to use ?heroic couplet?(雙韻體) by middle English

②<Troilus and Criseyde>特羅伊拉斯和克萊希德

③ <The House of Fame>聲譽(yù)之宮

Medieval Ages? popular Literary form: Romance(傳奇故事)

Famous three：King Arthur

Sir Gawain and the Green Knight

Beowulf

II The Renaissance Period

A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.

Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.

Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:

1. new discoveries in geography and astrology

2. the religious reformation and economic expansion

3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture

The most famous dramatists:

Christopher Marlowe

William Shakespeare

Ben Johnson.

1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙?斯賓塞1552~1599

（后人稱之為“詩(shī)人的詩(shī)人”。） The poets? poet.The first to be buried in the Poet?s corner of Westerminster Abbey

12. Which of the following statements is not the reason for that Edmund Spenser is famous for “the poet?s poet”? ( B )

A. Spenser?s idealismB. his struggle for criteria

C. his love of beauty D. his exquisite melody

① <The Faerie Queene>仙后(for Queen Elizabeth)

The theme is not “Arms and the man”, but something more

romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves”.

Artistic features:

1. Using Spenserian Stanza

Definition of Spenserian Stanza:a stanza of nine lines

ababbcbcc. Eight lines in iambic pentameter, and last line in

iambic hexameter.

② <The Shepherds Calendar>牧人日歷

The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalind.

③ <Amoretti>愛(ài)情小唱?

2. Thomas? More托馬斯?莫爾1478~1535

One of the greatest English humanists

①<Utopia>烏托邦?

3. Francis? Bacon弗蘭西斯?培根1561~1626

（哲學(xué)家、散文家；在論述探究知識(shí)的著作中提出了知識(shí)就是力量這一著名論斷；近代唯物主義哲學(xué)的奠基人和近代實(shí)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的先驅(qū)。）

Philosopher, scientist, lay the foundation for modern science. The first English essayist.?

Writing style:brevity, compactness&powerfulness, well-arranging and eiching by Biblical allusions, metaphors and philosophy to man?s reason.

①<The Advancement of Learning>學(xué)術(shù)的推進(jìn)

②<Essays>隨筆(famous quotas: <Of studies>)?

The theme of Of Studies: uses and benefits of study and different

ways adopted by different people to pursue

studies.

4. Ben Jonson

①<Comedy of Humours>

②<Volpone, or the fox>狐貍

5. Christopher? Marlowe柯里斯托弗?馬洛1564~1595

“University Wits”, the pioneer of English drama（完善了無(wú)韻體詩(shī)。）

Blank verse: written in uhymed iambic pentameter.

14. Marlowe gave new vigor to ____ with his “mighty lines” ( D )

A. the Petrarchan sonnet B. sestina

C. terza rima D. blank verse

①<The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus>浮士德博士的悲�。ǜ鶕�(jù)德國(guó)民間故事書寫成）

②<Tamburlaine>帖木耳大帝?

③<The Jew of Malta>馬耳他的猶太人

6. William Shakespeare威廉?莎士比亞1564~1616?

① Historical plays: Hey VI ; Hey IV : Richard III ; Hey V ；

Richard II；Hey VIII

②Four Comedies: <As You Like It>皆大歡喜; <Twelfth Night>第十二夜;

<A Midsummer Night?S Dream>仲夏夜之夢(mèng); <Merchant

Of Venice>威尼斯商人

③Four Tragedies: <Hamlet>哈姆萊特; <Othello>奧賽羅; <King Lear>

李爾王; <Macbeth>麥克白

④Shakespeare Sonnet :154 <The Sonnets>

Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefgg

A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in

iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme

scheme.

III The 17th Century

1. John Milton約翰?彌爾頓1608~1674

（詩(shī)人、政論家;失明后寫 《失樂(lè)園》、《復(fù)樂(lè)園》、《力士參孫》。）

①Epics: <Paradise Lost>失樂(lè)園?

<Paradise? Regained>復(fù)樂(lè)園

②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士參孫

③ <Areopagitica>論出版自由?

<The Defence of the English People>為英國(guó)人民聲辯

④ <On His Blindness>我的失明

This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde

cde, typical of Italian sonnet.

Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him

best sho can endure the suffering best.

2. John Bunyan約翰?班揚(yáng)1628~1688

（代表作《天路歷程》，宗教寓言，被譽(yù)為“具有永恒意義的百科全書”，是英國(guó)文學(xué)史上里程碑式著作。與但丁的《神曲》、奧古斯丁的《懺悔錄》并列為世界三大宗教題材文學(xué)杰作。）

Puritan poet(清教徒派詩(shī)人)

①Religionary Allegory:<The Pilgrim?s Progress>天路歷程?

3. John Donne

the Metaphysical poet(玄學(xué)派詩(shī)人).

Metaphysical Poetry(玄學(xué)詩(shī))：（用語(yǔ)）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual, (形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主題：love, religious, thought）

Artistic features:

1. conceits or imagery奇思妙喻

2. syllogism三段論

① Meditations 沉思錄

The Flea 虱子

② Songs And Sonnets

Holy Sonnets

③Valediction:<Forbidding Mourning>

IV The 18th Century：Enlightenment同時(shí)為美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)與法國(guó)大革命提供了框架，并且導(dǎo)致了資本主義和社會(huì)主義的興起，與音樂(lè)史上的巴洛克時(shí)期以及藝術(shù)史上的新古典主義時(shí)期是同一時(shí)期。

A revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感) and accuracy

The Age of Enlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)

小說(shuō)崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō))

Gothic novel(哥特式小說(shuō))：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)

1. Alexander Pope亞歷山大?蒲柏1688~1744

（18世紀(jì)英國(guó)最偉大的詩(shī)人，其詩(shī)多用“英雄雙韻體”/ “ heroic couplets”。詞句工整、精練、富有哲理性。）

As a representative of the Enlightenment， Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England....

Eg. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, who was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England? ( C )

A. John BunyanB. Daniel DefoeC. Alexander PopeD. Jonathan Swift

①<An Essay on Criticism>批評(píng)論?

Artistic features:

1.Using “heroic couplets”

② <The Rape of the Lock>卷發(fā)遇劫記

③ <Moral Essays>道德論

<Essay on Man>人論?

<The Dunciad>愚人記

2. Samuel? Johnson塞繆爾?約翰遜1709~1784

①Dictionary =<A Dictionary of English Language>英語(yǔ)大詞典?

3. Jonathan Swift喬納森?斯威夫特1667~1745

（十八世紀(jì)杰出的政論家和諷刺小說(shuō)家a master satirist。）

① <Gulliver?s Travels>格列佛游記(fictional work)

Four parts:

Lilliput 小人國(guó)Brobdingnag 大人國(guó) Flying Island 飛島Houyhnhnm 馬島

<A Modest Proposal>一個(gè)小小的建議?

② <The Battle of Books>書戰(zhàn)

③ <A Tale of a Tub>木桶的故事?

④ <The Drapper?s Letters>一個(gè)麻布商的書信

4. Daniel Defoe丹尼爾?笛福1660~1731

（小說(shuō)家，新聞?dòng)浾�，小�?cè)子作者；十八世紀(jì)英國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義小說(shuō)的奠基人。）?

He is the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular, and he is the founder of realistic novel.

① <Robinson? Crusoe>魯賓遜漂流記

It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan.

Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd

and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life.

It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea,

gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. ② <Moll Flanders>

③ <Colonel Jacque>

④ <Captain singleton>

5. Hey Fielding亨利?菲爾丁1707~1754

（英國(guó)小說(shuō)家，戲劇家，被譽(yù)為“英國(guó)小說(shuō)之父” 。）

He is called “Father of English novel”. He was the first to write a “Comic epic in prose”(散文體史詩(shī)), and the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.

① novels:

<The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling>棄嬰湯姆?瓊斯

<The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews>約瑟夫?安德

魯

<The Life of Mr Jonathan Wild, the Great>大詩(shī)人江奈生?威爾德 <Amelia>愛(ài)米利亞?

② plays:

<The Historical Register for 1736>一七三六年歷史記事

<Don Quixote in England>堂吉柯德在英國(guó)?

6. Oliver Goldsmith奧利弗?格爾德斯密斯1730~1774

① poems:

英美文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史篇二：英美文學(xué)史名詞解釋

American Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience. 美國(guó)現(xiàn)實(shí)主義：在美國(guó)文學(xué)史上，內(nèi)戰(zhàn)宣告了浪漫主義的終結(jié)和現(xiàn)實(shí)主義的開始�，F(xiàn)實(shí)主義反對(duì)浪漫主義和感傷主義的謊言，它從一個(gè)陌生的世界轉(zhuǎn)向了普通人的真實(shí)生活的描寫。它所關(guān)心的是普通的下層勞動(dòng)人民而非理想中的人類本性和現(xiàn)實(shí)經(jīng)歷。

American Romanticism: The Romantic Period covers the first half of the 19th century. A rising America with its ideals of democracy and equality, its industrialization, its westward expansion, and a variety of foreign influences were among the important factors which made literary expansion and expression not only possible but also inevitable in the period immediately following the nation’s political independence. Yet, romantics frequently shared certain general characteristics: moral enthusiasm, faith in value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption. Romantic values were prominent in American politics, art, and philosophy until the Civil War. The romantic exaltation of the individual suited the nation’s revolutionary heritage

and its frontier egalitarianism.

美國(guó)浪漫主義：浪漫主義階段涵蓋了19世紀(jì)前半頁(yè)。美國(guó)的不斷壯大和發(fā)展以及隨之而來(lái)的明珠和平等的思想、工業(yè)化的發(fā)展、西北邊疆的不斷擴(kuò)展和國(guó)外的各種影響使浪漫主義作家文學(xué)不但成為一種可能，而且使它成為美國(guó)政治獨(dú)立后的一種必然。然而，浪漫主義文學(xué)往往有很多共性：他們熱心于道德、相信個(gè)人主義價(jià)值觀和對(duì)世界的直觀感受，并且他們認(rèn)為自然世界是真、善、美的源泉而人類社會(huì)則是墮落的根源。在內(nèi)戰(zhàn)以前，浪漫主義價(jià)值觀占據(jù)是政治、藝術(shù)、和哲學(xué)等領(lǐng)域，浪漫主義者對(duì)個(gè)人的贊揚(yáng)正好迎合了美國(guó)的革命遺風(fēng)和邊疆開拓者的品均主義。

American Transcendentalism: the emergence of the

Transcendentalists as an identifiable movement took place during the late 1820s and 1830s, but the roots of their religious philosophy extended much farther back into American religious history.

Transcendentalism and evangelical Protestantism followed separate evolutionary branches from American Puritanism, taking as their common ancestor the Calvinism of the seventeenth and eighteenth

centuries. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the

materialism of American spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.

美國(guó)超驗(yàn)主義：美國(guó)超驗(yàn)主義出現(xiàn)的19世紀(jì)20年代末期到三十年代，但是它的根源在宗教史上要遠(yuǎn)得多。超驗(yàn)主義和福音派新教分別是美國(guó)清教主義的兩個(gè)分支，他們的祖先是17世紀(jì)和18世紀(jì)的加爾文神教。超驗(yàn)主義者主張文化的復(fù)興，認(rèn)為“超靈”是宇宙中最重要的事物。他們強(qiáng)調(diào)個(gè)人的重要性，反對(duì)精神上的物質(zhì)主義。對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)，個(gè)人是一個(gè)社會(huì)最重要的元素。他們認(rèn)為自然就是“精神”或“上帝”的象征，它是有生命的，而上帝又無(wú)處不在。他們認(rèn)為生與死最基本的真理可以超越感官的世界而獲得。艾默生的《自然》被稱為是“美國(guó)超驗(yàn)主義的宣言”，他的《美國(guó)學(xué)者》則被認(rèn)為是美國(guó)的“文化獨(dú)立宣言書”。

Classicism: A movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism,

which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.

古典主義：在藝術(shù)、文學(xué)或音樂(lè)方面反映古希臘、羅馬文學(xué)原理的運(yùn)動(dòng)。古典主義強(qiáng)調(diào)傳統(tǒng)，追求理性、明晰、平衡和秩序。因?yàn)楣诺渲髁x強(qiáng)調(diào)理性和普遍主題，在傳統(tǒng)上反對(duì)強(qiáng)調(diào)感情和個(gè)人主題的浪漫主義。

Climax: The point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a story’s turning point. The action leading to the climax and the

simultaneous increase of tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.

高潮：小說(shuō)中最緊張、最有趣或最具懸念的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)。情節(jié)中引起高潮的動(dòng)作和情節(jié)緊張度的增加稱作“上升”，高潮后的動(dòng)作稱為“回落”或“結(jié)局”。有時(shí)候高潮又稱作“轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)”。

Conflict: A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a sh(來(lái)自:www.huhawan.com 蒲公 英文 摘:英美文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史)ort story, novel, play, or narrative poem. Usually the events of the story are all related to the conflict, and the conflict is resolved in some way by the story’s end.

矛盾：在小說(shuō)、短篇小說(shuō)、戲劇或敘事詩(shī)中相互對(duì)立的兩種力量。故事中的事件往往都和矛盾有關(guān)，并且在故事的結(jié)尾矛盾都會(huì)得以解決。

Critical Realism: The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and

foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils. 批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義：批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義在19世紀(jì)40年代達(dá)到高潮。批判現(xiàn)實(shí)主義作家們往往把從民主的角度批評(píng)和揭露資本主義社會(huì)的丑惡視為己任，但他們并沒(méi)有找到治療社會(huì)弊病的良方。

Diction: A writer’s choice of words, particularly for clarity,

effectiveness, and precision.

措辭：一個(gè)作家用詞的選擇，主要是為了清楚、有效和簡(jiǎn)練等目的。

Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s

personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem. 戲劇獨(dú)白：在一種敘事詩(shī)里面，一個(gè)人物對(duì)其他的人物講話但并沒(méi)有交代他們的回答，這種場(chǎng)合往往對(duì)反映說(shuō)話人的性格特征和詩(shī)歌的主題是至關(guān)重要的。 Enlightenment: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people.

啟蒙主義：?jiǎn)⒚芍髁x是在18世紀(jì)在英國(guó)發(fā)生的。總體上，啟蒙主義是當(dāng)時(shí)的資產(chǎn)階級(jí)對(duì)封建主義，社會(huì)的不平等、死寂、偏見(jiàn)和其他的封建殘余的一種反對(duì)。通過(guò)將科學(xué)的各個(gè)分支與人民的日常生活和需要聯(lián)系起來(lái)，啟蒙主義者們努力將他們變成為人民大眾服務(wù)的工具

Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.

史詩(shī)：講述英雄事跡并反映出這些英雄事跡的社會(huì)價(jià)值觀的長(zhǎng)篇敘事詩(shī)。在成為之前，很多史詩(shī)都來(lái)自于口頭傳統(tǒng)并通過(guò)歌唱和背誦流傳。

Era of Modernism: The years from 1910 to 1930 are often called the Era of Modernism, for there seems to have been in both Europe and America a strong awareness of some sort of “break” with the past. The new artists shared a desire to capture the complexity of modern life, to focus on the variety and confusion of the 20th century by reshaping and sometimes discarding the ideas and habits of the 19th century. The Era of Modernism was indeed the era of the New.

現(xiàn)代主義時(shí)期：從1910到1930年這一段時(shí)間被稱作現(xiàn)代主義時(shí)期，因?yàn)樵谶@一時(shí)期，不論是在美國(guó)還是在歐洲人們都認(rèn)識(shí)到一種強(qiáng)烈的與過(guò)去的“決裂”，新藝術(shù)家們都渴望反映現(xiàn)代生活的復(fù)雜性，都渴望通過(guò)重新構(gòu)建，有時(shí)候甚至放棄19世紀(jì)的思想和習(xí)慣來(lái)聚焦于20世紀(jì)的多樣性和困惑之上。

Essay: A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a

subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point or view. An essay may be serious or humorous, tightly organized or rambling, restrained or emotional. The two general classifications of essay are the informal essay and the formal essay. An informal essay is usually brief and is written as if the writer is talking informally to the reader about some topic, using a conversational style and a personal or humorous tone. By contrast, a formal essay is tightly organized, dignified in style, and serious in tone.

小品文：小品文一般都是簡(jiǎn)短的散文，作家通過(guò)有線的篇幅發(fā)表自己獨(dú)特的看法。小品文的風(fēng)格要么嚴(yán)肅要么幽默，組織或嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)或松散，情感或抒發(fā)或藏而不露。小品文大體上又分為正式的和非正式的兩種。非正式的小品文一般比較短，使用對(duì)話的風(fēng)格和個(gè)人化或幽默的語(yǔ)氣，似乎在給讀者針對(duì)一個(gè)話題侃侃而談。相比之下，正式的小品文則組織嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，風(fēng)格高雅，語(yǔ)氣嚴(yán)肅。

Fable: A fable is a short story, often with animals as its characters, which illustrate a moral.

寓言：以動(dòng)物為主人公來(lái)寫的短小的故事。

Figurative language: Language that is not intended to be interpreted in a literal sense. By appealing to the imagination, figurative language provides new ways of looking at the world. Figurative language

consists of such figures of speech as hyperbole, metaphor, metonymy, oxymoron, personification, simile, and synecdoche.

比喻用語(yǔ)：不能用字面意義來(lái)解釋的用語(yǔ)。通過(guò)想象，比喻用語(yǔ)讓讀者以新的方式看待世界，它一般包括夸張、隱喻、轉(zhuǎn)喻、矛盾修飾法、擬人、明喻和提喻等修辭手法。

Free Verse: Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.

自由詩(shī)：按照語(yǔ)言的抑揚(yáng)頓挫和意象模式，而不是按照固定韻律寫出的詩(shī)。它的韻律建立在音素、語(yǔ)詞、短語(yǔ)、句子和段落等形式的基礎(chǔ)上，而不是建立在音步傳統(tǒng)格律單位上。因此，自由詩(shī)消除了很多不自然的成分和詩(shī)體表現(xiàn)的某些審美差距。20世紀(jì)初，在英國(guó)詩(shī)法中自由詩(shī)已經(jīng)流行。

Imagism: It’s a poetic movement of England and the U.S. flourished from 1909 to 1917.The movement insists on the creation of images in poetry by “the direct treatment of the thing” and the economy of wording. The leaders of this movement were Ezra Pound and Amy Lowell.

意象主義：意象主義是在1909到1917年之間在英國(guó)和美國(guó)的一次詩(shī)歌運(yùn)動(dòng)。意象主義主張?jiān)谠?shī)歌通過(guò)“直接描寫事物”和簡(jiǎn)介的用詞來(lái)產(chǎn)生意象，領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人物為龐德和艾米?羅威爾

Incremental repetition: The repetition of a previous line, or lines but with a slight variation each time that advances the narrative stanza by stanza. This device is commonly used in ballads.

反復(fù)：反復(fù)是詩(shī)歌每一節(jié)對(duì)前面一節(jié)的一行或幾行的重復(fù)，有些是完全重復(fù)，有些略有改動(dòng)，在民謠中普遍使用。

Inversion: The technique of reversing, or inverting, the normal word order of a sentence. Writers may use inversion to create a certain tone or to emphasize a particular word or idea. A poet may invert a line so that it fits into a particular meter or rhyme scheme.

倒裝：在一句話中將單詞順序顛倒的一種寫作技巧，作家往往使用倒裝來(lái)產(chǎn)生某種語(yǔ)氣或強(qiáng)調(diào)某個(gè)特點(diǎn)的詞或想法，詩(shī)人使用倒裝主義是為了讓詩(shī)行的韻律更加工整。

Irony: A contrast or an incongruity between what is stated and what is really meant, or between what is expected to happen and what actually happens. Three kinds of irony are (1) verbal irony, in which a writer or

speaker says one thing and means something entirely different; (2) dramatic irony, in which a reader or an audience perceives something that a character in the story or play does not know; (3) irony of situation, in which the writer shows a discrepancy between the expected results of some action or situation and its actual results. 反諷：反諷指所敘述的事情和真正的所指之間或期待發(fā)生的事情和實(shí)際發(fā)生的事情之間的對(duì)比或不一致，反諷有3種：（1）詞語(yǔ)反諷，作者或說(shuō)話人說(shuō)的是一

英美文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史篇三：英美文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史

Chapter 1 the making of England

第一頁(yè)

Primitive 原始社會(huì)的

Clustering 叢 團(tuán)

Hut 茅草屋

Vitality 生命力

Invade 侵入

Occupy 占有

Chieftain首領(lǐng)

Subjugate征服

Refinement 改良

Christianity 基督教 christian 基督教的 第二頁(yè)

Swarm 大群人

Pirate 海盜

Dialect 方言

Kinship 王權(quán)

Compose 1寫、創(chuàng)作（樂(lè)曲、歌劇等）2組成Booty 戰(zhàn)利品

Amusement 娛樂(lè)

Democracy民主

Incompatible 合不來(lái)的

Gemtile非猶太的

Territory 領(lǐng)土

Feudalism 封建制

Heathen不信教的、異教徒

第三頁(yè)

Monastery 修道院

Monk 修士、僧侶

Chapter2

Relic 遺風(fēng)

Preserve保護(hù)

Minstrel（中世紀(jì)）游方詩(shī)歌演唱者 Fragment v、n 碎片 片段

Devour吞食

Grapple （with） 扭�。▽�(duì)手）扭打格斗 Avail（against sb） 抵擋

Combat格斗 搏斗 戰(zhàn)斗

Retreat撤退 退卻

Rejoice高興

Avenge伸冤

Counseller 顧問(wèn)

Plunge猛進(jìn)入 38個(gè)單詞 1

Trophy獎(jiǎng)品 戰(zhàn)利品

Den穴

Belche 噴（火） forth its fire

Bid 說(shuō)=say

Envelope 包圍 包住

Impenetrable不可穿越的 forest

Marsh 沼澤

Superstitious迷信的

Marvellous

第五頁(yè)

Alliteration

Consonant

Metaphor

Attendant

Condemn

Tinge

Permanent

Chapter3

viking

plunder

prose

第六頁(yè)

confescate

bestow

patch

baron

vassal

oath

secure

property

manifestation

supremacy

chronicle

prominent

dominent

intermingle

tend

bishop

archbishop

abbot

toil

第七頁(yè)

sustain奇妙的 頭韻 輔音 隱喻 侍者 責(zé)備 淡的色調(diào)或痕跡 a tinge of 永久的 北歐海盜 掠奪 散文 沒(méi)收 贈(zèng)與小塊土地 男爵 封臣 誓言 保護(hù) 資產(chǎn) 顯示 至高無(wú)上 編年史的 突出的 最突出的、占支配地位的 混合照管主教 大主教 男修道院長(zhǎng) 辛苦工作 支撐 41個(gè)單詞2

courageous 勇敢的heretics 犯異端罪的人 perish 毀滅

plague 瘟疫

poll-tax人頭稅

impose對(duì)（）課稅

pauperize 貧窮

slogan 口號(hào) 格言】

sermon講道

bondage

velvet

stuff

ornament

ermine

spices

rye

manor

pomp

sovereign

第八頁(yè)

remonstate

oppressor

treacherously

apeal

prevail

verse

tournament

code

moral

chivalry

apprenticeship

solemn

cycle

第九頁(yè)

rim

culmination

collapse

patronize

charge

fabricate

illicit

convert

第十頁(yè)

Masterpiece奴役 天鵝絨 布料 裝飾 貂皮 貂 香料 黑麥 莊園 浮華最高統(tǒng)治者抗議。報(bào)復(fù)受壓迫的 背叛的 不忠的 懇求 呼吁流行的 詩(shī)體 比賽、武士騎馬比賽密碼。道德標(biāo)準(zhǔn)道德的騎士精神 學(xué)徒身份1表情嚴(yán)肅的2莊重的3隆重的正式的1循環(huán)周期2系列（如組歌或組詩(shī)）邊緣結(jié)局 結(jié)果倒塌贊助 支持控告 編造不正當(dāng)?shù)?改變形式或用途 名著 杰作41單詞3

Vivid 鮮明的

Amuse 是某人消遣 第十一頁(yè)

Chapter4

Amid 在（）當(dāng)中 Barren 貧瘠的 Scanty 不足的 Industriously 勤勞的 Plough 耕田 Idler

Exposure

Parasite

Deacon

Preach

Flock

Leap

Clerk

Despoil

Cardinal

Virtues

Friar

Hermit

Altar

Roamer

Manor

Hood

Plead

Mete

Mist

Mutter

Aught=anything

Sum up

Confer

Sternly

Counsel

無(wú)工作（的人） 暴漏揭露 寄生物、靠他人生存的人 會(huì)吏、助祭 布道 儀仗隊(duì) 1跳躍2沖。竄 1文書、辦事員2（議會(huì)法院等）書記員、秘書4教士牧師 掠奪sth 紅衣主教 1美德2.（女子）貞操 托缽修士 隱士、隱居修道士 祭桌 慢步行走的人 領(lǐng)地 風(fēng)帽 提出（理由或借口） 給與（獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)） 霧氣 咕噥（某事）、低語(yǔ)聲 形成對(duì)（）的看法 1（with sb）（on/about sth）討論、探討、商談、請(qǐng)教2sth（on sb）授予某人（學(xué)位或頭銜） 嚴(yán)厲的 建議

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