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遺風 博山民居遺風

發(fā)布時間:2020-03-11 來源: 美文摘抄 點擊:

     明末清初,為博山的民間住宅建造的鼎盛時期。其中建筑風格各異,城鄉(xiāng)差別頗有不同,貧富懸殊比較明顯。當時城里瓦房居多,鄉(xiāng)村草屋、茅舍為主。豪門大戶多居住于城里,他們的住宅一般為幾進院落的套式房屋,建造格式有主房、配房、客廳、書房、門房,還配有花園和其他附屬性建筑。大門樓高大寬闊,多級臺階,門前兩側(cè)置石獅子把守,儼如官府行門。各院落相通處還有號門、屏門、角門等。房屋建筑幽雅莊重、美觀堅固、富有極強的民族特色。
  大戶人家的住宅建筑材料多采用細鉆子方石砌墻基,用大青磚壘墻;四梁八柱做房架,木椽黃板窯磯做房頂;挑檐、瓦梢、出廈、魚鱗瓦覆頂。房脊、四梢用特制的雕龍、雕鹿、雕麟、雕虎,翎毛花卉,喜慶文字的磚瓦作裝飾,窗欞構(gòu)成也為多種多樣的圖案,用以象征吉祥、平安,極具中國傳統(tǒng)建筑的特色。
  
  而一般平民百姓人家的住宅多為四合院,主房與配房區(qū)別明顯,每三間為一棟,主房為中,兩頭掛耳為里間。這類房屋多為磚石結(jié)構(gòu),亦有土坯和磚混合結(jié)構(gòu)的,也有全用石頭砌墻的。房屋格式絕大多數(shù)是單層,少有的二層三層閣樓式房屋的主人,都是當?shù)氐囊髮嵢思摇?
  遺存于博山區(qū)源泉鎮(zhèn)泉河頭村的一座明代月合式古樓,是這類房屋的代表。古居長14米,寬6米,高16米,其月臺高2米,主室三間帶閣樓,系磚石結(jié)構(gòu),并建有城墻般雉堞。屋內(nèi)采用料石砌基,主墻用大青磚砌體,大青磚券頂;其門口采用三塊大型石材拱口;堅固厚實;窗戶采用七塊豎欞石板條構(gòu)成;堅固耐用;其屋門采用重型棗木大門,并鑲有透花鐵皮,門內(nèi)雙重插關(guān),設(shè)有挾杠孔四個,已示防范。觀其樓房堅固厚實,但因墻壁太厚,故室內(nèi)空間不太,光線受阻。
  而城市中的貧民、工人階層卻無房者俱多,大多居住在搭建的低矮的窩棚里或者租賃居住。而農(nóng)村窮人則采用河內(nèi)經(jīng)沖涮之后的滑流子混合土坯砌墻,用麥秸或谷草蓋頂防御雨水,其房內(nèi)用黃泥抹墻皮即可,而且大多是一家數(shù)口人或幾代人都擠在一居室內(nèi),其居住條件頗差而無奈。
  
  博山的民居建筑多和燒制陶瓷的火窯有關(guān)。隨便穿行在某個巷子中,你都可以看見成片的民房是用燒窯之后的廢坯加黃泥建筑而成。墻體上的匣缽一般是環(huán)形的圓面,它們被砌在墻壁里,緊緊挨在一起。在黃泥墻皮脫落的地方,露出幾個黑色的孔,透出歷史的滄桑。有的圍墻全用陶罐或陶片壘砌,那些陶片沒有經(jīng)過任何修飾,扇面的形狀一個接一個不規(guī)則地連成一大片,穩(wěn)穩(wěn)地遮蔽住了幾代人的生活。
  新中國成立以后,城鄉(xiāng)建設(shè)日新月異,人民生活和居住條件發(fā)生了巨大的變化,高樓大廈、現(xiàn)代住宅在城鄉(xiāng)崛起。而富有地域文化和民族風情、古樸典雅的古宅民居,代表了不同歷史時期文化及經(jīng)濟社會的原始風貌,是一種地域文化遺產(chǎn)。
  碾過的歷史將伴隨歲月滄桑的流逝而傳承與消失,民間的住宅在不斷地變遷,而那些代表了不同時期歷史文化的古宅,對世人來說無疑是一種夢幻般的眷戀與追思。
  
  
  Boshan in Shandong was an important commercial center in Chinese history. At that time, merchants from all over China settled here for business. Therefore, the architectural style of the residences in Boshan possesses both the essence of different places and the local characteristics.
  The late Ming and early Qing dynasty is the period when residential construction flourished in Boshan. At that time, there was great difference between the city and the countryside, and also a wide gap between the rich and the poor. Most of the houses in the city were tile-roofed houses while thatched cottages dominated the countryside. The great families lived in the city. Their houses usually have the main rooms, accessory rooms, living rooms, studies, gatehouses, and gardens. The great gate is high and wide, with multiple steps and two stone lions at the two sides of the gate.The house construction is beautiful, solid with folk characteristics.
  The common people lived in the Chinese courtyard houses. These houses were always built with bricks, adobe, or stones. Most of them were single storey, though there were a few two-storey or three-storey houses―for the better-off families.

相關(guān)熱詞搜索:山民 遺風 博山民居遺風 博山旅游民居 淄博民宿 兩日游

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