國(guó)企之變 　　 　　4月13日，山東省100家省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)和浙江150家民營(yíng)企業(yè)的老總齊聚山東省城濟(jì)南，參加“魯浙民企國(guó)企合作發(fā)展洽談會(huì)”。會(huì)上，山東國(guó)有企業(yè)的122個(gè)項(xiàng)目受到了浙江民企的青睞。
　　“充分發(fā)揮浙江民企的資金優(yōu)勢(shì)，開展合資合作，讓以民營(yíng)經(jīng)濟(jì)著稱的浙江民企參與山東省屬國(guó)企改革重組”。山東省深化省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)改革領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室副主任王和先如此解釋此次洽談會(huì)的目的。
　　魯浙民企國(guó)企洽談會(huì)是山東國(guó)企集體“外嫁”的精彩之筆。其實(shí)，在此之前，山東就已有許多國(guó)企與民企成功聯(lián)姻的實(shí)例，國(guó)企與民企的對(duì)接加快了國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)戰(zhàn)略調(diào)整的步伐。
　　山東省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)改革的步伐正在逐漸加大。去年，中共山東省委工作會(huì)議作出了深化省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)改革的重大決策，省政府出臺(tái)了《關(guān)于深化省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)改革的意見》，明確提出用3年左右的時(shí)間，基本完成省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)公司制改革和產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革。中共山東省委、省政府專門成立了以常務(wù)副省長(zhǎng)林廷生掛帥，省委常委、組織部長(zhǎng)劉偉，副省長(zhǎng)王仁元、孫守璞為副組長(zhǎng)的深化省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)改革領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組，并從有關(guān)部門選調(diào)精干工作人員組成辦公室，集中辦公，具體負(fù)責(zé)組織領(lǐng)導(dǎo)改革工作。國(guó)有企業(yè)改革工作的力度隨之加大，強(qiáng)化改革的基礎(chǔ)工作，制定完善一系列改革的配套政策，辦公室與企業(yè)管理部門分工負(fù)責(zé)128戶省屬重點(diǎn)國(guó)有企業(yè)和其他企業(yè)的改革，堅(jiān)持分類指導(dǎo)，多層次推進(jìn)，堅(jiān)持嚴(yán)格把關(guān)，著重把好方案制定關(guān)、政策關(guān)和審計(jì)評(píng)估關(guān)，依法規(guī)范操作。改革中注意把握資產(chǎn)不流失、債務(wù)不懸空、職工妥善安置、企業(yè)發(fā)展穩(wěn)定的原則，切實(shí)做到方案制定公開透明，堅(jiān)持職工代表大會(huì)審議通過改制方案和職工安置方案，采取多方案比較、多形式改制、一企一策、選擇利于發(fā)展的模式，做到審計(jì)評(píng)估客觀公正、資產(chǎn)處置公平競(jìng)爭(zhēng)、職工安置確保到位。
　　2003年8月31日，山東省深化省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)改革領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室成立后第一家整體產(chǎn)權(quán)改制的省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)――齊魯制藥廠成功改制，實(shí)現(xiàn)了國(guó)退民進(jìn)的產(chǎn)權(quán)變革，在山東魯信產(chǎn)權(quán)交易中心，齊魯制藥廠廠長(zhǎng)李伯濤代表職工簽下了買斷該廠全部國(guó)有資產(chǎn)的協(xié)議，這標(biāo)志著山東省首家大型綜合現(xiàn)代化醫(yī)藥企業(yè)改制完成。齊魯制藥廠的成功改制為社會(huì)各界高度關(guān)注。
　　截至2003年底，山東已實(shí)行產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革的省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)462戶，占2002年底省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)總數(shù)的41%，涉及資產(chǎn)總額1233.5億元，其中國(guó)有資產(chǎn)311.65億元。在改制的企業(yè)中，改制為股份有限公司的26戶，國(guó)有資產(chǎn)182.7億元；改制為有限責(zé)任公司的338戶，國(guó)有資產(chǎn)122億元；改制為股份合作制的47戶，國(guó)有資產(chǎn)2.5億元；合資合作的51戶，國(guó)有資產(chǎn)4.4億元。
　　
　　不單是“國(guó)退民進(jìn)”
　　
　　在國(guó)有企業(yè)改制中，“國(guó)退民進(jìn)”成了個(gè)別地方國(guó)有企業(yè)改制方式的代名詞。但事實(shí)是，把國(guó)企改革簡(jiǎn)單地歸結(jié)為“國(guó)退民進(jìn)”缺乏理智與科學(xué)。
　　隨著中國(guó)不斷調(diào)整和完善所有制結(jié)構(gòu)，國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)占國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的比重大幅下降，但仍占有相當(dāng)?shù)谋戎兀�發(fā)揮著重要作用。截至2002年底，全國(guó)工商企業(yè)社會(huì)總資產(chǎn)約為34.9萬億元，其中國(guó)有及國(guó)有控股企業(yè)資產(chǎn)總量為18.02萬億元，占51.6%。
　　有關(guān)專家認(rèn)為，國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)的數(shù)量和比重必須保持一定的比例，國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)才能健康發(fā)展，既不能像傳統(tǒng)計(jì)劃經(jīng)濟(jì)體制下那樣，認(rèn)為國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)量越多越好，比重越大越好；也不能走向另一個(gè)極端，認(rèn)為國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)數(shù)量越少越好，比重越小越好。國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)中發(fā)揮的是主導(dǎo)作用，并不要求比重占絕對(duì)多數(shù)，但總量要能夠保證支撐、引導(dǎo)和帶動(dòng)整個(gè)社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的需要。發(fā)展壯大國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)，國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)控制國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)命脈，對(duì)增強(qiáng)國(guó)家的經(jīng)濟(jì)實(shí)力、國(guó)防實(shí)力和民族凝聚力，具有關(guān)鍵性作用。
　　國(guó)有企業(yè)改制的目的之一就是要通過完善國(guó)有資本有進(jìn)有退、合理流動(dòng)的機(jī)制，提高國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)的質(zhì)量。 資料顯示， 2001年山東地方國(guó)有企業(yè)共有不良資產(chǎn)817.5億元，占總資產(chǎn)的12.1%。也就是說，國(guó)有企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)利潤(rùn)的背后是大量的不良資產(chǎn)。國(guó)有企業(yè)要通過產(chǎn)業(yè)整合、改制重組，實(shí)現(xiàn)產(chǎn)權(quán)主體多元化，做大做強(qiáng)優(yōu)勢(shì)企業(yè)，千方百計(jì)提高核心競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力，形成更多的具有自主知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)的專利技術(shù)、產(chǎn)品，擁有一批著名品牌，才能實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)有資產(chǎn)的保值增值，真正在國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展中起到支柱作用。
　　
　　在2003年7月召開的全省企業(yè)改革工作會(huì)上，山東省省長(zhǎng)韓寓群深刻分析了山東國(guó)有企業(yè)改革的差距：一是國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)比重偏大，布局結(jié)構(gòu)不合理。2001年山東省公有制經(jīng)濟(jì)占GDP的比重為67.4%，7807戶國(guó)有企業(yè)注冊(cè)資本中國(guó)家資本所占比重高達(dá)79.1%。國(guó)有企業(yè)廣泛分布在工業(yè)、商品流通、交通運(yùn)輸、房地產(chǎn)開發(fā)、旅游、飲食服務(wù)等眾多行業(yè)，而且90%以上為中小企業(yè)，導(dǎo)致國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)規(guī)模效益差，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力弱。二是由于缺少產(chǎn)權(quán)交易市場(chǎng)，職工分流安置、身份置換困難等原因?qū)е聡?guó)有資本退出渠道不暢。國(guó)有企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)者激勵(lì)約束機(jī)制不健全，監(jiān)督機(jī)制不完善。三是企業(yè)資產(chǎn)質(zhì)量不高，債務(wù)和社會(huì)負(fù)擔(dān)重。
　　剛成立不久的山東省深化省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)改革領(lǐng)導(dǎo)小組辦公室對(duì)山東的國(guó)有企業(yè)改革情況進(jìn)行了深入細(xì)致的調(diào)查。在此基礎(chǔ)上，進(jìn)一步深化國(guó)有企業(yè)改革的總體思路逐漸明確：從建立國(guó)有資本出資人制度入手，以產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革為突破口，以國(guó)有資本有序退出一般競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性領(lǐng)域?yàn)橹攸c(diǎn)，退、調(diào)、進(jìn)相結(jié)合，強(qiáng)化措施，加大重組力度，打破地區(qū)、部門和所有制界限，優(yōu)化國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)布局結(jié)構(gòu)，深化國(guó)有企業(yè)改革，大力發(fā)展混合所有制經(jīng)濟(jì)，促進(jìn)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)持續(xù)快速健康發(fā)展。
　　2004年初，山東又提出了年內(nèi)國(guó)企改革目標(biāo):到年底，65%以上的省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)完成產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革，除國(guó)家規(guī)定的專管企業(yè)、涉及國(guó)家安全的企業(yè)實(shí)行國(guó)有獨(dú)資、資源性重點(diǎn)企業(yè)、支柱產(chǎn)業(yè)中的骨干企業(yè)以及投資公司實(shí)行國(guó)有控股外，其他企業(yè)中的國(guó)有資本有序退到參股地位或全部退出。省屬上市公司國(guó)有控股調(diào)整到平均40%左右。
　　山東省企改辦的負(fù)責(zé)人稱，實(shí)現(xiàn)這個(gè)目標(biāo)必須有清晰的指導(dǎo)思想和大量的工作作保證。2004年的省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)改革，要牢固樹立和認(rèn)真落實(shí)科學(xué)發(fā)展觀，抓好與國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)布局結(jié)構(gòu)的調(diào)整優(yōu)化和國(guó)有資產(chǎn)管理體制改革“兩個(gè)結(jié)合”，突出產(chǎn)權(quán)制度改革和128戶重點(diǎn)企業(yè)的改革“兩個(gè)重點(diǎn)”，加大改革力度，堅(jiān)持配套聯(lián)動(dòng)，依法規(guī)范改制。
　　對(duì)于省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)改革，中共山東省委、省政府的主要領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者明確指示：“省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)改革要正確把握，積極推進(jìn)，不要出問題。”山東省企改辦的工作思路也很清楚:不能因改革把山東的國(guó)有企業(yè)改散了、改小了，而要通過改革積極促進(jìn)國(guó)有產(chǎn)權(quán)有序流轉(zhuǎn)，培植發(fā)展一批有國(guó)際競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的大公司大集團(tuán)，壯大山東國(guó)有經(jīng)濟(jì)的力量，實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)有資產(chǎn)保值增值，使山東的省屬國(guó)有企業(yè)改革經(jīng)得起歷史的檢驗(yàn)。省企改辦下一步工作的主要任務(wù)就是要正確把握改革的方向，加大改革的力度，正確處理改革、發(fā)展、穩(wěn)定的關(guān)系，積極穩(wěn)妥地推進(jìn)國(guó)有企業(yè)改革。目前最迫切的一是要建立合理的國(guó)有資產(chǎn)評(píng)估體系，公正、公開、合理地評(píng)價(jià)國(guó)有資產(chǎn)。國(guó)有資產(chǎn)升值、貶值的情況是實(shí)際存在的，關(guān)鍵是要公平公開地進(jìn)行評(píng)估。要堅(jiān)決防止趁國(guó)有資產(chǎn)改革之機(jī)，變相降低國(guó)有資產(chǎn)價(jià)值，變相地?fù)p公肥私，造成國(guó)有資產(chǎn)流失。二是建立公開的國(guó)有資產(chǎn)交易平臺(tái)。國(guó)有資產(chǎn)要進(jìn)入市場(chǎng)公開競(jìng)爭(zhēng)交易，顯現(xiàn)國(guó)有產(chǎn)權(quán)的市場(chǎng)價(jià)值，不能私下協(xié)商交易。三是國(guó)有企業(yè)的改革方案要公開、民主，通過職工代表大會(huì)討論通過，讓廣大職工參與進(jìn)來。
　　
　　一場(chǎng)綜合性變革
　　
　　時(shí)下，萊蕪鋼鐵集團(tuán)有限公司正為改制而忙碌。一個(gè)牽扯到全局的問題是，改制后企業(yè)職工的保障問題如何解決。最簡(jiǎn)單的例子是：?jiǎn)T工的國(guó)企職工身份發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)換時(shí)，身份和補(bǔ)償金應(yīng)該怎樣確定？只有對(duì)自身有利，職工才會(huì)同意參股改制。
　　
　　所以，社會(huì)保障體系和收入分配制度，已成為國(guó)有企業(yè)改革進(jìn)一步深化的關(guān)鍵所在。加快建立和完善社會(huì)保障體系，增強(qiáng)保障能力，就解除了國(guó)有企業(yè)的后顧之憂；建立與現(xiàn)代企業(yè)制度相適應(yīng)的收入分配制度，完善激勵(lì)和約束機(jī)制，就可以調(diào)動(dòng)企業(yè)管理層和職工的積極性，保持改制后企業(yè)的穩(wěn)定與發(fā)展。
　　山東省圍繞社會(huì)保障體系和收入分配制度實(shí)施了一系列產(chǎn)權(quán)制度配套改革，對(duì)企業(yè)債務(wù)的處理、人員分流安置、調(diào)整勞動(dòng)關(guān)系等方面都作出了詳細(xì)的規(guī)定，解除了企業(yè)改制的后顧之憂。
　　國(guó)有企業(yè)改革常常面臨這樣的尷尬:到底該由誰來為國(guó)有資產(chǎn)行使權(quán)利和承擔(dān)義務(wù)？也就是說，誰是國(guó)有資本出資人。明確了這一點(diǎn)，國(guó)有企業(yè)才能做到產(chǎn)權(quán)清晰、權(quán)責(zé)明確、政企分開。加快建立新型的管資產(chǎn)和管人、管事相結(jié)合的國(guó)有資產(chǎn)管理體制迫在眉睫。
　　國(guó)務(wù)院國(guó)資委去年底宣布，全國(guó)要在今年上半年完成省一級(jí)國(guó)資委的組建，承擔(dān)國(guó)有資本出資人職責(zé)。目前，山東省國(guó)資委即將掛牌成立，作為省政府專司國(guó)有資產(chǎn)監(jiān)督管理的特設(shè)機(jī)構(gòu)，省國(guó)資委統(tǒng)一行使國(guó)有資本出資人職責(zé)。對(duì)符合條件的國(guó)有大型企業(yè)集團(tuán)母公司實(shí)行國(guó)有資產(chǎn)授權(quán)經(jīng)營(yíng)，同時(shí)組建國(guó)有資產(chǎn)經(jīng)營(yíng)公司，由其對(duì)授權(quán)范圍內(nèi)的國(guó)有資產(chǎn)行使出資人職能，按照出資比例依法享有重大決策、資產(chǎn)受益和選擇經(jīng)營(yíng)者的權(quán)利，統(tǒng)一承擔(dān)國(guó)有資產(chǎn)保值增值的責(zé)任。
　　
　　With the development of economy in Shandong Province, the economic structure is undergoing changes accordingly. The proportions of private-run enterprises is increasing. Under this circumstance, Shandong is accelerating reforms concerning state owned enterprises (SOEs) directly run by the province. Last year, at a working conference, the CPC Shandong Provincial Committee made an important decision, which fanfares these reforms. Then, the provincial government issued a document titled Suggestions Concerning Deepening Reforms of SOEs Directly Run by the Province, in which it is clearly proposed that in about three years, the corporate system reform and property ownership system of the SOEs directly run the province shall be fundamentally completed.
　　Moreover, the CPC Shandong Provincial Committee and Shandong Provincial Government specially establish a leading group of experts responsible for reforms of SOEs directly run by province. Lin Tingsheng, executive vice provincial governor of Shandong, is the group leader; and Liu Wei, standing member of the CPC Shandong Provincial Committee and minister of the Organization Department of Shandong, Wang Renyuan and Sun Shoupu, vice provincial governors of Shandong, are the assistant group leaders. Able working personnel have already been selected from the related governmental departments to establish an office in charge of the reform affairs.
　　
　　On August 31, 2003, soon after this office was established, the ownership rights of Qiliu Pharmaceuticals Factory, a large-sized SOE directly run Shandong, was successfully reformed. In Shandong Luxin Center for Properties Rights Dealing, on behalf of all of the employees, Li Botao signed the contract, which made it clear that all of the staff members of Qilu Pharmaceuticals Factory have purchased all of the state-owned properties rights of this factory, ending the state-owned history at that moment. This deal won widespread attention from people in all walks of life.
　　By the end of 2003, the property ownership systems of 462 SOEs directly run by the province had been reformed in Shandong, accounting for 41% of the total number of SOEs directly run by the province. Among the 123.35 billion yuan of total assets involved in the reforms, 31.165 yuan were state-owned assets. Among the reformed enterprises, 26 were incorporated as stock companies, involving 18.27 billion yuan of state-owned assets; 338 were incorporated as companies of limited liabilities, involving 12.2 billion yuan of state-owned assets; 47 were incorporated as joint-stock companies, involving 250 million yuan of state-owned assets; and 51 were incorporated as joint-ventures or cooperative companies, involving 440 million yuan of state-owned assets.
　　At a working conference concerning provincial enterprise reforms held in July, 2003, Mr. Han Yuqun, provincial governor of Shandong, deeply analyzed problems in the reforms of SOEs in Shandong Province as follows: (1) The proportion of state-owned enterprises was relatively large and the proportion structure was not reasonable. In 2001, the SOEs turned over 67.4% of the GDP throughout the province. Among the 7,807 registered SOEs, the state-owned capital accounted for 79.1%. The SOEs are widely distributed in the fields of industry: commodities circulation, transportation, real estate development, tourism, and catering. Moreover, more than 90% were small and medium sized enterprises, which led to poor competitive power in the markets. (2) The shortage of markets for properties ownership dealing, reemployment of staff members, and changes of ownership made the state-owned assets difficult to recover from the SOEs. (3) Poor quality of the assets, debts, and heavy social burdens made the SEOs difficult to seek buyers in the open market.
　　Therefore, at the beginning of 2004, Shandong Province proposed a goal concerning reforms of the SOEs, which is expected that by the end of the year, reforms will be implemented among more than 65% of the SOEs directly run by the province. Save for the enterprises specially run by the government, the enterprises involving in business concerning the national security, key enterprises concerning energy resources, and investment companies holding by the national shares, in all of the other SOEs, the state-owned capitals will partly retreat by means of holding shares or completely retreat. In the listed companies run by the provincial government, the national-owned shares shall be adjusted to average 40% or so.
　　Through reforming, it is expected that a group of enterprise groups with strong power will be established in Shandong Province, increasing the value of the state-owned assets.

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