1999年閱讀真題精解(2011-05-30 10:22:15)轉(zhuǎn)載標(biāo)簽：

　黃濤考研真題答案教育 分類：

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　 1999 Text 1

　It"s a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers" misfortunes.

　Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. The label on a child"s Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."

　While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn"t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.

　Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn"t have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We"re really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren"t designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete"s injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.

　 51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?

　[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.

　[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.

　[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.

　[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.

　52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.

　[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products

　[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products

　[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability

　[D] feel obliged to view customers" safety as their first concern

　53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.

　[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law

　[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries

　[C] product labels would eventually be discarded

　[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes

　54. The author"s attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.

　[A] biased

　[B] indifferent

　[C] puzzling

　[D] objective

　 核心詞匯

　1. rough 粗糙的，不平坦的；粗野的；tough 艱巨的；艱難的

　2. step 走

　3. slip 滑到

　4. light up 點(diǎn)燃

　5. burn down 燒毀

　6. fail to 沒有

　7. lawsuit=suit 起訴；訴訟

　8. compensate for 為…作出補(bǔ)償

　9. jury 陪審團(tuán)

　10. hold sb. liable for 讓…對(duì)…負(fù)責(zé)

　11. misfortune 不幸

　12. respond 做出反應(yīng)

　13. warning labels 警告標(biāo)識(shí)

　14. caution 警告

　15. while 盡管，而，當(dāng)…時(shí)候

　16. appropriate 合適的

　17. interaction相互作用

　18. regulation 規(guī)則

　19. claim 索賠

　20. side with 支持

　21. defendant 被告；

　22. involving 涉及到

　23. paralyze 癱瘓

　24. nature 本質(zhì)；by nature 天性

　25. carry substantial weight 具有相當(dāng)?shù)姆至?/p>

　26. issue 發(fā)布了；發(fā)行了

　27. bombard with 大量提供

　28. a sea of 大量的

　29. trivialities 瑣事

　30. end 目的

　31. have one’s way 得以實(shí)現(xiàn)

　32. legal liability 法律責(zé)任

　33. misfortune

　 難句精解

�、賅hile warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, for example — and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn"t clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

　▲在這個(gè)主從復(fù)合句中，前一個(gè)分句是由while引導(dǎo)的讓步從句，這個(gè)從句由兩個(gè)并列句組成，中間用and連接。破折號(hào)之間的部分是舉例說明warnings的內(nèi)容，and后面的many省略了warnings，state與federal共用regulations。主句部分本身也是一個(gè)主從復(fù)合句，主句用了一個(gè)形式主語it，真正的主語是that引導(dǎo)的從句，注意這個(gè)從句中有個(gè)動(dòng)詞短語protect... from...，后面是一個(gè)if引導(dǎo)的條件從句。

　△ 首先要把握這個(gè)句子的主旨，那就是主句中所闡明的warnings對(duì)manufacturers and sellers的保護(hù)作用還很不明朗。注意破折號(hào)之間的部分對(duì)warnings的解釋作用以及it作為形式主語的替代作用。

　 ②As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn"t have changed anything.

　▲在這個(gè)主從復(fù)合句中，前一個(gè)分句是由as引導(dǎo)的伴隨狀語從句，注意這里的claims是個(gè)名詞；主句的時(shí)態(tài)用的是現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)，表示的這種狀況正在開始。這個(gè)主句有一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的狀語短語，原因是cases后面跟了一個(gè)where引導(dǎo)的定語從句修飾cases，這個(gè)定語從句的主干是warning label not change anything，解釋的是什么樣的cases。

　△ 主句依然是抓住句子大意的關(guān)鍵，該句所要表達(dá)的就是some courts beginning to side with defendants，再者要注意cases后面定語從句指出了哪類cases尤為如此。

　 ③In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.

　 ▲這個(gè)句子的主干是... president... successfully fought a lawsuit...。句子的主語是Julie Nimmons，后面逗號(hào)之間的部分是她的職位，賓語部分a lawsuit有一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的動(dòng)詞現(xiàn)在分詞involving所引導(dǎo)的短語，involving的賓語是a football player，后面跟了一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，這個(gè)定語從句中有一個(gè)while引導(dǎo)的時(shí)間狀語，還原成句子就是while he was wearing a Schutt helmet。找出其中的關(guān)鍵部分：... president of Schutt... successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player... paralyzed... while wearing a Schutt helmet。

　 ④At the same time, the American Law Institute — a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.

　▲這個(gè)看起來很長(zhǎng)的句子其實(shí)是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句，主干是... the... Institute... issued new guidelines for tort law...。其中破折號(hào)之間的內(nèi)容說明的是這個(gè)Institute的人員構(gòu)成，并且用一個(gè)whose引導(dǎo)的定語從句說明了這些成員的權(quán)威。law后面跟的現(xiàn)在分詞stating有一個(gè)相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的賓語從句，這個(gè)從句的主語是companies，而謂語有兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)，一個(gè)是warn... of...，另一個(gè)是bombard... with...，敘述了guidelines的內(nèi)容。

　△ 這個(gè)句子的要點(diǎn)是在stating后面的that從句，對(duì)其中兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)warn... of...和bombard... with...的正確理解決定了對(duì)整個(gè)句子的理解。

　 ⑤If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.

　 ▲在這個(gè)復(fù)合句中，if引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)條件從句，主句部分的謂語用了被動(dòng)形式，謂語動(dòng)詞provide for有兩個(gè)賓語，一個(gè)是the benefits of customers，另一個(gè)是protection against legal liability，not決定了兩者的取舍關(guān)系：取前者，舍后者。

　△ 從句給出了前提條件，注意has its way的意思是can be achieved；理解主句部分的關(guān)鍵在于provide for的兩個(gè)賓語的取舍關(guān)系。

　補(bǔ)充: Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s中的thinking是一種思想的意思，指的是上面所說過的人們對(duì)于通過法律獲得賠償?shù)乃枷�。gone本意是消失，這里可以意譯為改變，就是說這種思想已經(jīng)改變。但是我個(gè)人覺得，從前后文看，這個(gè)gone不是否定，所以應(yīng)該是開始的意思，也就是說應(yīng)該翻譯成這種思想已經(jīng)形成了。

　 試題解析

　51. [B] 意為：受傷的顧客可望得到法律制度的保護(hù)。

　第一段指出，外面是個(gè)危險(xiǎn)的世界，如果你走出去，可能會(huì)滑倒在門墊上，摔傷一條腿；如果點(diǎn)燃爐灶，可能燒毀整棟房屋�？尚业氖�，如果門墊或爐灶沒有警告你可能發(fā)生的危害，你可以就自己所受的傷害訴諸法律，成功地獲得賠償�；蛘�，更確切地說，自80年代初以來人們一直這樣認(rèn)為，從那時(shí)起，陪審團(tuán)開始認(rèn)為更多的公司應(yīng)該對(duì)其顧客遭受的不幸負(fù)責(zé)。

　第二段提到，為了保護(hù)自己，公司開始撰寫冗長(zhǎng)的標(biāo)簽，但是，正如第三段第二句所指出的那樣，這種做法無濟(jì)于事，因?yàn)椋�如果顧客與公司對(duì)簿公堂，大約一半的情況是公司敗訴。然而，第四段第一句指出，這種潮流似乎正發(fā)生逆轉(zhuǎn)。

　 [A]顧客可以通過訴訟免除自己的災(zāi)難。relieve sb. of sth.意為“免除某人某事；解除某人某事；使某人擺脫某事”。relieve的意思與原文表達(dá)的內(nèi)容不相符，根據(jù)對(duì)選擇項(xiàng)B的分析，顧客通過法律獲得的是對(duì)損失的賠償�？丛�文，顧客都已經(jīng)是出事后才找訴訟，事情既然發(fā)生了怎么能夠免除呢？所以說無論從原文還是從常理都是不對(duì)的。

　[C]公司將會(huì)通過提供新的警示標(biāo)簽避免被起訴。該選擇項(xiàng)有兩處主要錯(cuò)誤：一是avoid的使用，二是new的使用，這兩個(gè)詞的使用使C與原文表達(dá)的內(nèi)容很不一致。這句話用了would avoid這個(gè)詞，這就是說能夠逃避的意思。但是原文根本沒有提到是否這么做能否逃避法律的制裁。更何況，從常理考慮也不應(yīng)該是這樣。還有，這句話用了new這個(gè)詞，原文中也找不到根據(jù)。所以[C]是不對(duì)的。

　[D]陪審團(tuán)傾向于對(duì)公司所承諾的賠償嚴(yán)加挑剔。這個(gè)與原文中“when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers" misfortunes”比較相象，但是原文的這句話意思是：當(dāng)時(shí)陪審團(tuán)已開始認(rèn)為更多的公司應(yīng)對(duì)其顧客所遭受的不幸負(fù)責(zé)�？梢钥闯�，這兩句的意思還是不同的。一句是有關(guān)賠償?shù)膰?yán)謹(jǐn)性，一句是有關(guān)賠償?shù)膱?zhí)行度。

　 52. [C] 意為：充分利用標(biāo)簽避免法律責(zé)任。

　第二段指出，公司感到很大威脅，它們通過撰寫比以前更長(zhǎng)的警示標(biāo)簽保護(hù)自己，企圖預(yù)料各種可能發(fā)生的事故。結(jié)果，現(xiàn)在的梯子上的標(biāo)簽有幾英寸長(zhǎng)，除了警告你其他可能發(fā)生的意外之外，還警告說你可能摔下來——這種警告真是莫名其妙！孩子的蝙蝠俠玩具的斗篷上也警告說：本玩具“并不能使擁有者飛行”。在作者看來，這樣的警示語都是多余的、不必要的。

　[A]通過在產(chǎn)品上寫長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的警示語滿足顧客。根據(jù)上文對(duì)選擇項(xiàng)C的分析，他們這樣做的目的主要是避免承擔(dān)責(zé)任，而不是滿足顧客的需要。

　[B]意為：在描述自己的產(chǎn)品的不足上表現(xiàn)得更誠實(shí)。這個(gè)其實(shí)肯定不是商人們的本意，畢竟無奸不商，有哪個(gè)商人會(huì)這么誠實(shí)，把自己產(chǎn)品的缺點(diǎn)告訴別人？

　[D]意為：不得不將顧客的安全看作頭等重要的事。這個(gè)問題嘛，其實(shí)想一下，商人的目的就是賺錢，頭等重要的事怎么可能是....從文章第二段可以看出，F(xiàn)eeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident。公司是因?yàn)槭芰送�脅所以才開始貼標(biāo)簽的，但是文章并未說是因?yàn)榭紤]到顧客安全才這么做的。

　而且，從常理推斷，公司應(yīng)該是考慮到自身利益才這么做的。因此D選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是偷梁換柱大法。

　 53. [A] 意為：某些因傷害提出的索賠再也受不到法律的保護(hù)了。

　第三段指出，潮流似乎正發(fā)生逆轉(zhuǎn)，雖然因人身傷害引起的索賠案像以往一樣不斷出現(xiàn)，某些法庭正逐漸開始站到被告一邊(side with)，特別是在有警示標(biāo)簽也可能無濟(jì)于事的案件中。在Schutt Sports的案件中，Schutt Sports公司被告生產(chǎn)了不安全的頭盔，造成一名橄攬球隊(duì)員(football player)的癱瘓，但是，陪審團(tuán)認(rèn)為，造成球員受傷的不是頭盔，而是橄欖球這種運(yùn)動(dòng)本身的危險(xiǎn)性(the nature of the game)。公司因此勝訴。這一例子用于說明第四段第一、二句提到的現(xiàn)象。

　[B]頭盔不是設(shè)計(jì)來防止損傷的。戴頭盔的目的當(dāng)然是防止傷害，但是，頭盔不可能是萬能的。B答案是表面的意思，一般考研命題中不會(huì)把答案設(shè)定給這種選項(xiàng)的。因?yàn)?ldquo;頭盔不是設(shè)計(jì)來防止損傷的”這個(gè)即使從常理來講也不正確，頭盔本來就是用來防止損傷的。而且原文中也沒提到這點(diǎn)。

　[C]產(chǎn)品標(biāo)簽最終將會(huì)被淘汰。discard意為：棄而不用。

　[D]運(yùn)動(dòng)員可能不再會(huì)熱衷于某些體育運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目。這個(gè)從常理上來說就不太對(duì)，再對(duì)照原文，原文只是說了一次事故引發(fā)的關(guān)于體育用品的爭(zhēng)論，但是沒有任何地方可以看出運(yùn)動(dòng)員會(huì)不再熱衷于某些項(xiàng)目。只是一次單純的事故而已，沒有理由就夸張到放棄這一層，因此這個(gè)選項(xiàng)明顯是用了夸張的手法。

　 54. [D] 意為：客觀的。

　這里所說的“問題”指索賠案中孰是孰非這一問題。文章探討了索賠案所涉及的顧客（原告）、公司（被告）和陪審團(tuán)三方的反應(yīng)，重點(diǎn)指出陪審團(tuán)態(tài)度的轉(zhuǎn)變。文章敘述客觀，作者沒有表達(dá)個(gè)人觀點(diǎn)。關(guān)于態(tài)度題有很多偏方，基本上說，ABC三項(xiàng)這三個(gè)詞基本不可能成為任何題的答案。而D這個(gè)詞，絕對(duì)是首選項(xiàng)，基本上出現(xiàn)了選它就沒錯(cuò)。因?yàn)�，所有的選中文章討論的大多是客觀問題，作者的態(tài)度更是客觀的。如果是主觀的話根本就犯了主觀主義錯(cuò)誤......

　[A]有偏見的。這個(gè)單詞在考研英語閱讀中很難會(huì)成為正確答案的，畢竟你想，既然能當(dāng)選全國研究生入學(xué)考試試題，沒有鮮明的中心思想是不可能的，像有偏見的這種態(tài)度基本是不可能出現(xiàn)的。反過來說，客觀的這種態(tài)度基本是放之四海而皆準(zhǔn)的。

　[B]冷漠的。[C]迷惑不解的。如果對(duì)于問題是迷惑不解的，那么整篇文章就是說沒有表明鮮明的立場(chǎng)。但是這種文章是不可能入選研究生入學(xué)考試的。更何況從原文來看，作者的態(tài)度相當(dāng)明顯，因此是客觀的。

　 參考譯文

　外面是一個(gè)危險(xiǎn)的世界。如果你走出去，可能會(huì)滑倒在門墊上，摔傷一條腿。如果你點(diǎn)燃爐灶，可能會(huì)把房子燒掉。但是假如門墊或爐灶上沒有警示語告訴你可能發(fā)生的危害，那么你或許可以就自己所受的傷害通過法律訴訟，成功地獲得賠償。大約自80年代初以來人們就不再（guangxian注：此處“不再”二字應(yīng)刪除�。┻@樣認(rèn)為了，當(dāng)時(shí)陪審團(tuán)已開始認(rèn)為更多的公司應(yīng)對(duì)其顧客所遭受的不幸負(fù)責(zé)。

　公司因此感到了威脅，便做出了反應(yīng)，寫出越來越長(zhǎng)的警示標(biāo)識(shí)語，力圖預(yù)先標(biāo)明種種可能發(fā)生的事故�，F(xiàn)在，梯子上警告標(biāo)簽有幾英寸長(zhǎng)，除了警告你其他可能發(fā)生的意外情況外，還警告你可能會(huì)摔下來，簡(jiǎn)直是莫名其妙！印在兒童蝙蝠俠披風(fēng)上的標(biāo)識(shí)語竟然也告誡說，本玩具“無法讓用戶飛行”。

　雖然警示語常常是合理而必要的，如對(duì)藥物副作用而產(chǎn)生的危險(xiǎn)的警示語，并且很多是州或聯(lián)邦法規(guī)所要求的，但是當(dāng)消費(fèi)者受傷，這些警示語能否真正保護(hù)制造商和銷售商使之免于責(zé)任，這還很難說。被受傷的消費(fèi)者告上法庭的公司中，大約一半的情況是公司敗訴。

　現(xiàn)在看來這種趨勢(shì)正在轉(zhuǎn)變。盡管個(gè)人傷害的指控一如既往地繼續(xù)著，但有些法庭已開始站到被告一方，特別是在處理那些有警示語也無法避免傷害的案件時(shí)。五月份，伊利諾斯州的Shutt體育公司總裁朱利·尼蒙斯就成功地打贏了這樣一場(chǎng)官司。一名橄欖球隊(duì)員戴著該公司的頭盔在一場(chǎng)比賽中受傷癱瘓，遂將該公司告上法庭。公司總裁朱利·尼蒙斯說：“他成了癱瘓，我們非常難過，但頭盔的設(shè)計(jì)不是為了預(yù)防這類傷害的。”陪審團(tuán)也認(rèn)為造成該運(yùn)動(dòng)員受傷的是這項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)本身的危險(xiǎn)性，而不是頭盔。與此同時(shí)，美國法學(xué)會(huì)——

　該學(xué)會(huì)由一群舉足輕重的法官、律師、學(xué)者所組成——簽署了新的民事侵害法綱要，宣布公司不必警示顧客那些顯而易見的危險(xiǎn)，或者給顧客列出一份冗長(zhǎng)的可能造成的危險(xiǎn)的清單�？的螤柎髮W(xué)法學(xué)院一位參與起草新綱要的教授說，“重要的信息會(huì)淹沒在細(xì)枝末節(jié)的汪洋之中”。如果該法律團(tuán)體的這一適中的目的能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，產(chǎn)品上提供的警示信息實(shí)際上是用來保護(hù)消費(fèi)者利益的，而不是為了避免公司承擔(dān)法律責(zé)任的。

　 1999 Text 2

　In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they"re looking for.

　Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company"s private intranet.

　Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers" computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company"s Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That"s a prospect that horrifies Net purists.

　But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyardsa. Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.

　 55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.

　[A] has been striving to expand its market

　[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion

　[C] tried but in vain to control the market

　[D] has been booming for one year or so

　56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ________.

　[A] the technology is popular with many Web users

　[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions

　[C] there is a radical change in strategy

　[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners

　57. In the view of Net purists, ________.

　[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture

　[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web

　[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set

　[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests

　58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.

　 [A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce

　 [B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers

　 [C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago

　 [D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power

　 核心詞匯

　1. or so 左右，

　2. web=website 網(wǎng)絡(luò)

　3. revolve around 圍繞

　4. tap 輕打；開發(fā)；水龍頭

　5. more than 不僅僅是；不只是

　6. make sense 有道理；有意義

　7. nonetheless 盡管如此

　8. reliability 可靠性

　9. pathway 小徑，通路，路徑

　10. supplier 供應(yīng)商

　11. limit 限制

　12. conduct 進(jìn)行，做

　13. online transaction 在線交易

　14. established 確定的；已有的

　15. access to 進(jìn)入；有權(quán)利做

　16. intranet 局域網(wǎng)；internet 互聯(lián)網(wǎng)

　17. shift 轉(zhuǎn)變，變化

　18. model 模式，方式

　19. concern 與…有關(guān)

　20. available 可以用來；可以得到的

　21. focus on 關(guān)注；集中

　22. strategy 策略；方法

　23. transmit 傳遞；發(fā)送

　24. targeted 目標(biāo)的；有針對(duì)性的

　25. notably 明顯地

　26. deliver 發(fā)送

　27. update 更新；upload 上傳

　28. a stream of 大量的

　29. sunscriber 訂閱者；訂購者；用戶；subscribe to 向…訂閱；同意

　30. monitor 監(jiān)控器

　31. customize 定制

　32. proceed to 繼續(xù)做；precede 在…之前

　33. contempt 蔑視

　34. think highly of 高度稱贊

　35. notion 觀點(diǎn)

　36. commercial promotion 商業(yè)促銷

　37. uninvited 不請(qǐng)自來

　38. distinction 區(qū)別；區(qū)分

　39. fade=disappear=vanish=perish 消失，不存在

　40. prospect=future將來

　41. horrify 讓…感到恐怖

　42. purist 凈化者

　43. inevitable 不可避免的

　44. resort to 求助于

　45. right 合適的；正確的；右邊的；權(quán)力

　46. interactivity 互動(dòng)

　47. hospitality 熱情好客；inhospitality 冷漠

　48. plunge 冒險(xiǎn)

　 難句精解

�、賁ome companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company"s private intranet.

　 ▲這個(gè)句子的主謂賓很明顯，但是重要的是by后面的conducting引導(dǎo)的動(dòng)名詞短語，表示的是companies limiting the risk的方式方法。還要注意的是partners后面跟了一個(gè)who引導(dǎo)的定語從句，說明了partners所享受的待遇。

　 △ 找出其中的關(guān)鍵部分：... companies... limiting... risk by... transactions... with established... partners who... access to... company"s... intranet。注意intranet與internet的差別：后者是國際互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，前者是公司內(nèi)部網(wǎng)。

　 ②In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.

　▲在這個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句中，賓語tools帶了一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的定語從句，修飾tools，在這個(gè)從句中真正的主語是tools，由that替代，注意這個(gè)從句中謂語動(dòng)詞短語allow... to...的形式；后面跟了一個(gè)transmitting引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在分詞短語，相當(dāng)于that從句的補(bǔ)充成分，進(jìn)一步說明push information to consumer的方式。

　 △ 這個(gè)句子的主要內(nèi)容集中在develop tools以及tools后面的that從句，從句中關(guān)鍵信息在于幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞的使用：allow，push，transmit等。

　 ③Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.

　 ▲這個(gè)句子的主句就是that前面的部分，注意動(dòng)詞短語think highly of的含義，但是理解這個(gè)句子的關(guān)鍵在于賓語notion后面所跟的that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句，就是說that從句解釋的就是notion的內(nèi)容。這個(gè)從句中的主語information后面跟了一個(gè)修飾性的flowing引導(dǎo)的現(xiàn)在分詞短語。

　 △ 在抓住了主干think highly of the notion之后，理解這個(gè)句子的關(guān)鍵在于對(duì)that從句的理解，尤其是by specific request決定了notion的重要內(nèi)容。

　 ④The examples of Virtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.

　 ▲這個(gè)句子的主干是... examples... show... a Web site... will attract... customers。抓住這個(gè)主干，再看其它成分：examples后面跟的of短語是限定成分，說明examples的內(nèi)容；謂語動(dòng)詞show后面跟的是一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，這個(gè)賓語從句的主語a Web site后面跟了一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語作限定成分，這個(gè)短語的動(dòng)詞是selling，賓語是the right kind of products，再加上一個(gè)較長(zhǎng)的表示方式的狀語，注意介詞賓語mix后面有一個(gè)of引導(dǎo)的三個(gè)并列名詞表示mix的內(nèi)容，后面will attract online customers是這個(gè)從句的謂語和賓語。

　 △ 找出句子的主謂賓，再看不同成分的修飾限定部分，再者要注意賓語從句的主語所帶的現(xiàn)在分詞結(jié)構(gòu)的限定短語。

　 ⑤And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.

　 ▲這個(gè)句子的主句是逗號(hào)前的句子，容易理解，重要的是逗號(hào)后which引導(dǎo)的從句，這里which指代的是逗號(hào)前的這個(gè)句子，指的是這個(gè)句子所陳述的現(xiàn)象，which在這里充當(dāng)?shù)氖菑木涞闹髡Z，enterprise后面有一個(gè)現(xiàn)在分詞短語，起限定作用。

　 △ 重要的是弄清從句中which引導(dǎo)詞所指的是前面整個(gè)句子，這樣就可以得知a good sign的意思。另外注意setting up shop in silicon中silicon原意是“硅”，在這里指代的是“互聯(lián)網(wǎng)”與“計(jì)算機(jī)”。

　 試題解析

　55. [A] 意為：一直在竭力開拓其市場(chǎng)。

　第一段指出，在網(wǎng)絡(luò)公司創(chuàng)辦的最初一兩年中，大部分措施是圍繞著努力開拓(tap)消費(fèi)者市場(chǎng)。最近，隨著網(wǎng)絡(luò)證明不僅是一種時(shí)尚而已，公司開始（在網(wǎng)上）相互買賣產(chǎn)品或提供服務(wù)，公司間的這種買賣方式是很有道理的，因?yàn)樯倘艘话愣贾�道自己所需要的產(chǎn)品。第一句和第二句都敘述了公司企圖利用網(wǎng)上資源開拓業(yè)務(wù)的努力，第三句是對(duì)第二句提到的現(xiàn)象的評(píng)價(jià)。

　[B]意為：打算遵循一種空幻的時(shí)尚。

　[C]企圖控制市場(chǎng)，但徒勞無益。第一段僅提到了它們的努力，并未提到努力的結(jié)果。

　[D]意為：在一年左右的時(shí)間里發(fā)展迅速。第一段僅提到了它們的努力，并未提到努力的結(jié)果。事實(shí)上，正

　如第二段所提到的，許多公司目前仍然因?yàn)閼岩删W(wǎng)絡(luò)的安全性而對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的使用猶豫不決。

　 56. [C] 意為：在策略上發(fā)生了根本改變。

　第三段第一句指出，網(wǎng)絡(luò)商業(yè)模式的另一個(gè)重大變化是營銷策略的變化。在這個(gè)句子中，technology的意思不是“技術(shù)”，而是“技巧”，這里指銷售方法。根據(jù)第三段，這里所說的變化指從“推”到“拉”的變化。兩種營銷策略迥然不同。

　[A]這種技術(shù)（或方法）受到了許多網(wǎng)絡(luò)用戶的喜愛。與原文的第三段But push technology has earned the contempt(蔑視) of many Web users自相矛盾。

　[B]為：公司對(duì)在線交易的可靠性充滿信心。根據(jù)第二段第一句，許多公司對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的可靠性表示懷疑，因此對(duì)使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)仍然很憂慮。

　[D]它僅限于對(duì)固定合作伙伴使用。Limitedly=only用在這里過于絕對(duì)。

　 57. [D] 意為：沒有要求就不應(yīng)該有在線商業(yè)信息。即：沒有主動(dòng)要求就不應(yīng)該提供在線商業(yè)信息。

　根據(jù)第三段最后四句，“推”的策略受到了許多網(wǎng)上用戶的厭棄，在線用戶們極力推崇這種做法：信息應(yīng)該根據(jù)特定要求載入（用戶的）屏幕。商業(yè)信息一旦在沒有要求的情況下就被推入用戶的屏幕，那么，網(wǎng)絡(luò)和電視的區(qū)別就不存在了，這種前景正是Net purists所懼怕的。這里，Net purists指主張保持網(wǎng)絡(luò)特色的人。

　[A]意為：在線領(lǐng)域不應(yīng)該有銷售信息。根據(jù)對(duì)[D]的分析，這些人反對(duì)的是銷售信息的傳送方式，而不是這種信息本身。

　[B]上網(wǎng)的首要目的應(yīng)該是為了賺錢。

　[C]網(wǎng)絡(luò)的功能應(yīng)該像電視一樣。這正是Net purist所反對(duì)的。

　 58. [B] 互動(dòng)、禮貌、安全對(duì)在線客戶來說很重要。這里互動(dòng)（指網(wǎng)上人機(jī)對(duì)話功能）、禮貌（指網(wǎng)上熱情服務(wù)）、安全都指網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息的特點(diǎn)或提供方式。

　在最后一段作者指出，網(wǎng)上的公司不使用“推”的策略也肯定能賺錢。Virtual Vineyards和Amazon.com（兩個(gè)網(wǎng)址的名稱）以及其他開拓者的例子表明：銷售對(duì)路產(chǎn)品的網(wǎng)址，加上互動(dòng)、禮貌、安全等特點(diǎn)，將同樣會(huì)吸引網(wǎng)上客戶。

　[A]對(duì)網(wǎng)上商業(yè)來說，在網(wǎng)上“推”信息至關(guān)重要。根據(jù)上文的分析，事實(shí)恰恰相反。

　[C]一些大公司在幾十年前就開始積極嘗試在線服務(wù)。第四段最后一句指出，只要回顧一下過去5年至10年的歷史人們很可能會(huì)感到奇怪：為什么如此少的公司嘗試在線服務(wù)呢？

　[D]在計(jì)算機(jī)上建立銷售點(diǎn)與（計(jì)算機(jī)的）運(yùn)算能力無關(guān)。根據(jù)第四段第三句，計(jì)算機(jī)的運(yùn)算能力成本不斷下降，這對(duì)于企事業(yè)在計(jì)算機(jī)上建立銷售點(diǎn)是個(gè)好的形勢(shì)。所渭“計(jì)算機(jī)的運(yùn)算能力成本不斷下降”指計(jì)算機(jī)和網(wǎng)絡(luò)上網(wǎng)價(jià)格變得便宜；所謂“在硅中設(shè)立商店”指在計(jì)算機(jī)（網(wǎng)絡(luò)）上設(shè)立銷售點(diǎn)�？梢�，二者是相關(guān)的。

　 參考譯文

　大約在網(wǎng)上交易的第一年當(dāng)中，大部分業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)都是圍繞著努力開發(fā)消費(fèi)者市場(chǎng)來進(jìn)行的。最近，隨著證明網(wǎng)絡(luò)不僅是一種時(shí)尚而已，公司間便開始（在網(wǎng)上）交易產(chǎn)品和服務(wù)。這類公司之間的銷售是很有道理的，因?yàn)樯倘送ǔ６贾�道他們需要什么產(chǎn)品。

　不過，由于懷疑網(wǎng)絡(luò)的可靠性許多公司仍對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的使用猶豫不決。Forrester研究所的資深分析家布蘭·歐文說

　，“商家需要認(rèn)識(shí)到他們可以信賴銷售商和供應(yīng)商之間的這種途徑。”有些公司為了限制這種冒險(xiǎn)，只與那些已經(jīng)熟識(shí)的貿(mào)易伙伴進(jìn)行在線貿(mào)易，給予這些伙伴進(jìn)入本公司局域網(wǎng)的權(quán)利。

　網(wǎng)絡(luò)商業(yè)模式的另一個(gè)重大變化體現(xiàn)在營銷策略上。前些年，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)上的營銷活動(dòng)還集中在如何將用戶“拉進(jìn)”網(wǎng)站的策略問題上。然而，在去年，軟件公司開發(fā)出新的技術(shù)，這些技術(shù)使得公司可以將信息直接“推出”給消費(fèi)者，直接把營銷信息傳送給特定的用戶。最突出的例子是Pointcast網(wǎng)絡(luò)，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)使用一種屏幕保護(hù)系統(tǒng)，將大量最新的信息和廣告不斷地傳送到用戶的計(jì)算機(jī)顯示器上。用戶可以定制自己想要接受的信息，然后直接進(jìn)入某個(gè)公司的網(wǎng)址。像Virtual Vineyards這樣的公司業(yè)已開始采用類似的技術(shù)將有關(guān)特價(jià)商品、產(chǎn)品推銷或其他活動(dòng)的信息“推”向用戶。但這種“推”銷技術(shù)遭到許多網(wǎng)上用戶的鄙視。網(wǎng)上文化推崇這樣一個(gè)概念，即流動(dòng)到屏幕上的信息應(yīng)是在專門的請(qǐng)求之后才出現(xiàn)的。一旦商業(yè)促銷不請(qǐng)自來地充斥電腦屏幕，那么網(wǎng)絡(luò)和電視就沒多大差別了。這種前景讓網(wǎng)絡(luò)凈化者感到不安。

　網(wǎng)上公司并不是非得依靠“推銷”策略方能掙錢。像Virtual Vineyards和Amazon.com及其他開拓者的例子說明：一個(gè)銷售適類商品的網(wǎng)站，如果將交互性、熱情服務(wù)、安全性合理結(jié)合，肯定會(huì)吸引網(wǎng)上用戶的。計(jì)算能力的成本持續(xù)自由下降，這對(duì)任何建立了網(wǎng)上銷售的企業(yè)來說都是個(gè)好的征兆�；仡欉^去的5到10年的歷史，人們很可能會(huì)感到奇怪：嘗試網(wǎng)上銷售的公司為何如此之少呢？

　 1999 Text 3

　An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students" career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed, contradiction — which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.

　An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone"s job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for brining computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.

　There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.

　But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take — at the very longest — a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.

　59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________.

　[A] far-reaching

　[B] dubiously oriented

　[C] self-contradictory

　 [D] radically reformatory

　60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.

　[A] is indicative of a pessimism is disguise

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